View source for Piperia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Piperia
|accepted_authority=Rydberg
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
|place=28: 269. 1901
|year=1901
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Orchidaceae;Orchidaceae subfam. Orchidoideae;Orchidaceae tribe Orchideae;Orchidaceae (tribe Orchideae) subtribe Orchidinae;Piperia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Orchidaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Orchidaceae subfam. Orchidoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Orchidaceae tribe Orchideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subtribe</small>[[Orchidaceae (tribe Orchideae) subtribe Orchidinae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Piperia]]</div></div>
|etymology=For C. V. Piper, American botanist of the Pacific Northwest
|volume=Volume 26
|mention_page=page 494, 495, 496, 572
|treatment_page=page 571
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form or habitat;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, terrestrial, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="root quantity;root texture"><b>Roots </b>few, fleshy;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="tuberoid shape">tuberoids ellipsoid-ovoid.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="stem architecture"><b>Stems </b>simple.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf quantity"><b>Leaves </b>ephemeral, 2–6, basal;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade architecture;blade shape">blade sessile, lanceolate to oblanceolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="cauline bract shape">cauline bracts ovate to linearlanceolate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="raceme architecture;raceme architecture"><b>Inflorescences </b>many-flowered racemes or spicate racemes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower orientation;flower coloration;flower coloration;flower architecture"><b>Flowers </b>resupinate, white, yellow-green to green, nearly sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="sepal architecture">sepals 1–3-veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="lateral sepal fusion;lateral sepal length or size;dorsal sepal fusion">lateral sepals similar, adnate to lip and slightly longer than free dorsal sepal;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="lip base fusion;blade architecture;midrib size or width;midrib width">lip base adnate to column, blade simple, midrib thickened, broad;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="spur shape">spur clavate to filiform;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="column height or length or size;auricle presence">column short, auricles absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="anther quantity;anther orientation;connective size or width;cell arrangement;cell arrangement">anther 1, erect, connective narrow, cells close and parallel;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="pollinarium quantity">pollinaria 2;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="pollinium quantity;pollinium architecture">pollinia 2, sectile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="caudicle prominence;caudicle fixation;viscidium shape">caudicles inconspicuous, attached to round to oblong viscidia;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="stigma arrangement;stigma shape">stigmas confluent, concave;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="rostellum shape">rostellum 3-lobed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties=""><b>Fruits </b>capsules, erect, nearly sessile, ellipsoid to sausage-shaped.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="fruits capsule orientation;fruits capsule architecture;fruits capsule shape;x chromosome quantity">x = 21.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Temperate regions;North America (including Mexico)
|discussion=<p>Species 10 (10 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Piperia is perhaps the most taxonomically complex orchid genus in North America. Considerable variation occurs within most species, and distinctions among taxa are often subtle. In pressed, dried specimens important characteristics that otherwise may be obvious in the field are frequently obscured. Our views on the taxonomy of the genus evolved as more extensive field and garden studies have helped us interpret geographic patterns of variation and recognize additional unifying or distinguishing characteristics.</p><!--
--><p>Leaf, bract, and floral measurements in the following descriptions represent the largest dimensions on a given plant.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Spur 7–18 mm; viscidia ovate to oblong.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Spur 1–6 mm; viscidia broadly elliptic-ovate to rectangular-ovate.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Viscidia oblong, at least 2 times as long as wide; flowers white with green or yellow-green midvein; stem base usually thickened toward tuberoid.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Viscidia ovate to broadly elliptic or broadly oblong, usually less than 2 times as long as wide; flowers green; stem base uniform in diameter or attenuate toward tuberoid.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Spurs of most flowers straight, horizontal; stem 0.7–4.5 mm diam.; floral fragrance clovelike.
|[[Piperia transversa|Piperia transversa]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Spurs of most flowers curved, deflexed; stem (2–3)–12 mm diam.; floral fragrance musky or pleasant, not clovelike.
|[[Piperia elegans subsp. elegans|Piperia elegans subsp. elegans]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Seeds usually blackish brown; lip triangular-ovate; petals erect-spreading; stem attenuate toward tuberoid.
|[[Piperia michaelii|Piperia michaelii]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Seeds pale brown to cinnamon brown; lip lanceolate to broadly triangular; petals usually strongly erect-recurved; stem basally attenuate or not.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Petals falcate, ovate-attenuate, about 2 mm wide at base and 2–3 times as long; lip less than 2 times as long as wide; spur (7–)9–15(–18) mm; widespread.
|[[Piperia elongata|Piperia elongata]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Petals straight, linear, about 1 mm wide at base and 4–5 times as long; lip about 2 times as long as wide; spur 4–9 mm; not common, California.
|[[Piperia leptopetala|Piperia leptopetala]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Lip strongly recurved toward spur with age; flowers white or white and green; raceme rachis usually shorter than peduncle.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Lip straight or upwardly curved; flowers green; raceme rachis usually at least as long as peduncle.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Stem bracts usually fewer than 6; raceme ± secund; lip triangular-ovate; petals straight, white or with faint green midvein; c California to se Alaska.
|[[Piperia candida|Piperia candida]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Stem bracts usually more than 6; raceme cylindric; lip triangular-lanceolate; petals erect, curved, green with white border; California.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Petals falcate, outer white border much broader than inner; stem base attenuate toward tuberoid; flowers weakly fragrant, never cinnamonlike, diurnal; Monterey Bay area, California.
|[[Piperia yadonii|Piperia yadonii]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Petals straight-sided, inner and outer white border subequal; stem base swollen; flowers strongly cinnamon-scented, nocturnal; Point Reyes, California.
|[[Piperia elegans subsp. decurtata|Piperia elegans subsp. decurtata]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Spur shorter than lip, 1–2.5 mm; flowers scentless; leaves grasslike, erect, less than 1 cm wide.
|[[Piperia colemanii|Piperia colemanii]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Spur at least as long as lip, 2–6 mm; flowers scented, at least at night; leaves not grasslike, prostrate to erect-spreading, usually over 1 cm wide.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Petals linear with slightly expanded base, about 4 times longer than wide, strongly upwardly recurved; lip narrowly lanceolate; spur attenuate, 4–9 mm; flowers with lemony scent or otherwise pleasant, not musky or honeylike.
|[[Piperia leptopetala|Piperia leptopetala]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Petals lanceolate to triangular-ovate, less than 3.5 times longer than wide, usually projecting to ± erect; lip triangular-ovate to lanceolate-elliptic; spur narrowly cylindric, blunt, 2–6 mm; flowers musky- or honey-scented.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Mature seeds blackish brown; flowers honey-scented; raceme rachis ± length of peduncle; stem attenuate toward tuberoid; Santa Monica Mountains to n Baja California, below 1500 m.
|[[Piperia cooperi|Piperia cooperi]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Mature seeds tan to cinnamon brown; flowers ± musk-scented; raceme rachis usually longer than peduncle; stem diameter uniform or increasing toward tuberoid; widespread in North America but in s California occurring only above 1500 m.
|[[Piperia unalascensis|Piperia unalascensis]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Piperia
|author=James D. Ackerman;Randall Morgan
|authority=Rydberg
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subtribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Orchidaceae
|distribution=Temperate regions;North America (including Mexico)
|reference=None
|publication title=Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
|publication year=1901
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V26/V26_1167.xml
|subfamily=Orchidaceae subfam. Orchidoideae
|tribe=Orchidaceae tribe Orchideae
|subtribe=Orchidaceae (tribe Orchideae) subtribe Orchidinae
|genus=Piperia
|anther orientation=erect
|anther quantity=1
|auricle presence=absent
|blade architecture=simple;sessile
|blade shape=lanceolate;oblanceolate
|caudicle fixation=attached
|caudicle prominence=inconspicuous
|cauline bract shape=ovate
|cell arrangement=parallel;close
|column height or length or size=short
|connective size or width=narrow
|dorsal sepal fusion=free
|flower architecture=sessile
|flower coloration=yellow-green;green
|flower orientation=resupinate
|fruits capsule architecture=sessile
|fruits capsule orientation=erect
|fruits capsule shape=ellipsoid;sausage-shaped
|lateral sepal fusion=adnate
|lateral sepal length or size=slightly longer
|leaf duration=ephemeral
|leaf quantity=2;6
|lip base fusion=adnate
|midrib size or width=thickened
|midrib width=broad
|pollinarium quantity=2
|pollinium architecture=sectile
|pollinium quantity=2
|raceme architecture=spicate;many-flowered
|root quantity=few
|root texture=fleshy
|rostellum shape=3-lobed
|sepal architecture=1-3-veined
|spur shape=clavate;filiform
|stem architecture=simple
|stigma arrangement=confluent
|stigma shape=concave
|tuberoid shape=ellipsoid-ovoid
|viscidium shape=round;oblong
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|whole_organism growth form or habitat=terrestrial
|whole_organism pubescence=glabrous
|x chromosome quantity=21
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Orchidaceae (tribe Orchideae) subtribe Orchidinae]]