View source for Polypodium

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Polypodium
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 1082. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 485, 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Polypody
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Polypodiaceae;Polypodium
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Polypodiaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Polypodium]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek poly, many, and pous, podion, little foot, in allusion to numerous knoblike prominences of the stem
|volume=Volume 2
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism habitat;whole_organism habitat;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>on rock, occasionally terrestrial or epiphytic.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem growth form or orientation;stem architecture;stem diameter;stem coloration;stem coating"><b>Stems </b>creeping, usually branched, 3–15 mm diam., sometimes whitish pruinose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="scale coloration;scale shape;scale architecture;scale pubescence;margin shape">scales concolored to bicolored, lanceolate to ovate-acuminate, not clathrate to strongly clathrate, glabrous, margins entire to denticulate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf architecture;leaf arrangement;leaf shape;leaf some measurement"><b>Leaves </b>monomorphic, closely spaced to distant, not conspicuously narrowed at tip, to 90 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole architecture;petiole coloration;petiole shape;petiole architecture;petiole shape;petiole architecture"><b>Petiole </b>articulate to stem, straw-colored, somewhat flattened or grooved to nearly terete, winged distally.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade pubescence;blade pubescence;pair quantity"><b>Blade </b>broadly ovate to deltate, pinnatifid to 1-pinnate at base, not pectinate, usually with fewer than 25 pairs of pinnae, not glaucous or conspicuously scaly;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="rachis pubescence">rachis sparsely scaly to glabrescent abaxially, puberulent to glabrous adaxially;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="scale shape;scale architecture;scale architecture">scales ovatelanceolate to linear, not peltate or clathrate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="segment shape"><b>Segments </b>linear to oblong;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="margin architecture or shape">margins entire to serrate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="">apex rounded to attenuate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="apex shape;apex fusion;veinlet architecture;veinlet architecture;veinlet quantity;areole reproduction"><b>Venation </b>free to anastomosing, if strongly anastomosing, then never with more than 1 included veinlet in fertile areoles.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="sorus fusion;sorus shape;vein quantity;row quantity"><b>Sori </b>often confined to distal region of leaf, discrete, circular to oval when immature, borne at tips of single veins, in 1–3 rows on either side of midrib;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="sporangium indument presence;sporangium indument quantity;sporangium development;head architecture">indument absent or of modified sporangia (sporangiasters), often bearing glandular-hairs on bulbous head.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties=""><b>Spores </b>monolete, rugose to tuberculate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="spore architecture;spore relief;x chromosome quantity">x = 37.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Worldwide
|discussion=<p>Some species traditionally included in Polypodium are treated here in other genera, for example, Pleopeltis and Pecluma.</p><!--
--><p>Except for the tropical species Polypodium triseriale, North American Polypodium is a complex assemblage of interactive species. The North American species have ties to European taxa (e.g., P. vulgare sensu stricto, which probably originated by allopolyploidy between P. glycyrrhiza and P. sibiricum) but are quite distinct from them. Morphologic comparisons and continuing biochemical and molecular studies indicate that two groups of diploid species occur within the North American P. vulgare complex. One group includes P. glycyrrhiza and P. californicum; the second, P. amorphum, P. appalachianum, and P. sibiricum. Allopolyploid species have originated following hybridizations within a species group (i.e., P. calirhiza from P. glycyrrhiza × californicum, P. saximontanum from P. amorphum × sibiricum, and P. virginianum from P. appalachianum × sibiricum) as well as between members of the two groups (i.e., P. hesperium from P. amorphum × glycyrrhiza). These reticulate relationships are summarized in the reticulogram. We consider P. scouleri to be peripheral to the "core" diploids even though hybrids have been reported.</p><!--
--><p>We have not included the European Polypodium cambricum Linnaeus [P. australe Fée], reported from San Clemente Island, California (R. M. Lloyd and J. E. Hohn 1969), in the North American flora because, since the single, original collection, efforts to relocate specimens in nature have failed (R. M. Lloyd et al. 1992).</p><!--
--><p>Because taste is a characteristic used in the descriptions, the reader is cautioned to taste clean rhizomes from uncontaminated soils.</p><!--
--><p>Species ca. 100 (11 in the flora).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=cranfill1983a
|text=Cranfill, R. and D. M. Britton. 1983. Typification within the Polypodium virginianum complex (Polypodiaceae). Taxon 32: 557--560.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=evans1971a
|text=Evans, A. M. 1971. Polypodium. In: A. M. Evans, ed. 1971. A Review of Systematic Studies of the Pteridophytes of the Southern Appalachians. Blacksburg.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=haufler1991a
|text=Haufler, C. H. and Wang Z. R. 1991. Chromosomal analyses and the origin of allopolyploid Polypodium virginianum. Amer. J. Bot. 78: 624--629.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=haufler1991b
|text=Haufler, C. H. and M. D. Windham. 1991. New species of North American Cystopteris and Polypodium, with comments on their reticulate relationships. Amer. Fern J. 81: 7--23.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=lang1971a
|text=Lang, F. A. 1971. The Polypodium vulgare complex in the Pacific Northwest. Madroño 21: 235--254.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=whitmore1991a
|text=Whitmore, S. A. and A. R. Smith. 1991. Recognition of the tetraploid, Polypodium calirhiza (Polypodiaceae), in western North America. Madroño 38: 233--248.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves 1-pinnate at base; venation anastomosing, forming 2–3 or more rows of areoles on both sides of costae; sori in 2–3 rows on both sides of costae.
|[[Polypodium triseriale|Polypodium triseriale]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves pinnatifid; venation free or, if anastomosing, only occasionally forming more than 1 row of areoles on both sides of costae; sori in 1 row on both sides of costae.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Mature blades leathery, stiff; sori more than 3 mm diam.; venation always anastomosing, forming 1 row of areoles; leaf segments more than 12 mm wide.
|[[Polypodium scouleri|Polypodium scouleri]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Mature blades herbaceous to leathery, rarely stiff; sori less than 3 mm diam.; venation free to anastomosing, occasionally forming 1 or more rows of areoles; leaf segments usually less than 12 mm wide.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Rachises and segment midribs puberulent adaxially; segment margins usually serrate.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Rachises and segment midribs essentially glabrous adaxially; segment margins entire or crenulate, but rarely serrate.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Scales on abaxial surface of rachises linear and hairlike, less than 3 cells wide; venation entirely free; stems intensely sweet, licorice-flavored.
|[[Polypodium glycyrrhiza|Polypodium glycyrrhiza]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Scales on abaxial surface of rachises narrowly lanceolate to ovate, usually more than 3 cells wide; venation often anastomosing; stems acrid, sweet, or bland, but not licorice-flavored.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Blade widest near base, proximal 1–3 pinnae equal to or longer than more distal pinnae; several areoles present on leaf segments; spores usually less than 58 µm; coastal California s of Humboldt County.
|[[Polypodium californicum|Polypodium californicum]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Blade widest above base, proximal 1–3 pinnae shorter than more distal pinnae; areoles often absent from many leaf segments; spores usually more than 58 µm; California n of San Luis Obispo County to s Oregon.
|[[Polypodium calirhiza|Polypodium calirhiza]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Sporangiasters absent (although occasional misshapen sporangia may be present); stem scales usually entire and symmetric; scales on abaxial surface of rachis linear-lanceolate, less than 6 cells wide; immature sori oval.
|[[Polypodium hesperium|Polypodium hesperium]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Sporangiasters (with bulbous heads with or without glandular hairs) present; stem scales usually coarsely toothed and contorted distally; scales on abaxial surface of rachis lanceolate-ovate, more than 6 cells wide; immature sori circular.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Sporangiasters bearing glandular hairs more than 40 per sorus; stem scales golden brown, nearly concolored; blades typically elongate-deltate, widest at or near base; tips of leaf segments acute to narrowly rounded.
|[[Polypodium appalachianum|Polypodium appalachianum]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Sporangiasters (with or without glandular hairs) less common, fewer than 40 per sorus; at least a portion of each stem scale dark brown, often distinctly bicolored; blades typically oblong, widest near middle; tips of leaf segments rounded to obtuse.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Sporangiasters predominantly without glandular hairs; spores usually less than 52 µm; stem scales dark brown throughout or obscurely bicolored with lighter margins.
|[[Polypodium sibiricum|Polypodium sibiricum]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Sporangiasters mostly bearing glandular hairs; spores usually more than 52 µm; some stem scales light brown or prominently bicolored.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaf blades more than 3.5 cm wide; e North America.
|[[Polypodium virginianum|Polypodium virginianum]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaf blades less than 3.5 cm wide; w North America.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Sporangiasters consistently bearing glandular hairs; spores rugose with small surface projections less than 3 µm tall; Cascade Ranges.
|[[Polypodium amorphum|Polypodium amorphum]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Sporangiasters bearing a few glandular hairs or occasionally lacking glands; spores with large tubercles, usually more than 3 µm tall; Rocky Mountains.
|[[Polypodium saximontanum|Polypodium saximontanum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Polypodium
|author=Christopher H. Haufler;Michael D. Windham;Frank A. Lang;S. A. Whitmore
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Polypodiaceae
|distribution=Worldwide
|reference=cranfill1983a;evans1971a;haufler1991a;haufler1991b;lang1971a;whitmore1991a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V2/V2_189.xml
|genus=Polypodium
|apex fusion=free
|apex shape=rounded;attenuate
|areole reproduction=fertile
|blade pubescence=scaly;not glaucous
|blade shape=not pectinate;broadly ovate;deltate pinnatifid
|head architecture=bulbous
|leaf architecture=monomorphic
|leaf arrangement=closely spaced;distant
|leaf shape=narrowed
|leaf some measurement=0cm;90cm
|margin architecture or shape=entire;serrate
|margin shape=entire;denticulate
|pair quantity=0;25
|petiole architecture=winged;grooved;articulate
|petiole coloration=straw-colored
|petiole shape=terete;flattened
|rachis pubescence=sparsely scaly;glabrescent abaxially
|row quantity=1;3
|scale architecture=clathrate;not peltate;not clathrate;strongly clathrate
|scale coloration=concolored;bicolored
|scale pubescence=glabrous
|scale shape=ovatelanceolate;linear
|segment shape=linear;oblong
|sorus fusion=discrete
|sorus shape=circular;oval
|sporangium development=modified
|sporangium indument presence=absent
|sporangium indument quantity=of modified sporangia
|spore architecture=monolete
|spore relief=rugose;tuberculate
|stem architecture=branched
|stem coating=pruinose
|stem coloration=whitish
|stem diameter=3mm;15mm
|stem growth form or orientation=creeping
|vein quantity=single
|veinlet architecture=anastomosing;anastomosing
|whole_organism growth form=plant
|whole_organism habitat=epiphytic;terrestrial
|x chromosome quantity=37
}}<!--

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