View source for Prenanthes

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Prenanthes
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 797. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 349. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Rattlesnakeroot;cankerweed;gall-of-the-earth;prenanthe
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae;Prenanthes
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Prenanthes]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek prenes, drooping, and anthos, flower, alluding to drooping heads
|volume=Volume 19
|mention_page=page 219
|treatment_page=page 264
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Perennials,</b> 5–250 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole-organism some measurement;whole-organism architecture;whole-organism duration;slender rhizome fusion">taprooted, often producing offshoots connected by slender rhizomes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem quantity;stem orientation;stem growth form or orientation;stem architecture;stem pubescence;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>1–5, usually erect, sometimes decumbent (P. bootii), usually simple (leafy), usually glabrous proximally, tomentulose distally.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties=""><b>Leaves </b>basal and cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position;leaf architecture;leaf architecture">petiolate or sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;margin shape;ultimate margin architecture or shape;ultimate margin architecture or shape;ultimate margin architecture or shape">blades deltate to triangular, or ovate to oblanceolate, or oblong to linear, or spatulate, margins often pinnately or palmately lobed (sometimes deeply cleft and appearing compound), ultimate margins entire or coarsely serrate or dentate (apices acute, obtuse, or rounded);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="distal leaf size;distal leaf shape">distal leaves reduced in size and lobing.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="array architecture;array architecture;array architecture;array architecture"><b>Heads </b>(usually nodding at flowering) in racemiform, paniculiform, thyrsiform, or corymbiform arrays.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="peduncle shape;peduncle architecture"><b>Peduncles </b>not inflated distally, bracteate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="bractlet quantity;bractlet shape;bractlet size"><b>Calyculi </b>of 2–12, triangular to linear-lanceolate or subulate, unequal bractlets.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre diameter"><b>Involucres </b>narrowly cylindric to campanulate (bases often attenuate), 2–14 mm diam.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="phyllary quantity;phyllary shape;phyllary variability;series quantity;margin texture;apex shape;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence"><b>Phyllaries </b>3–15 in 1 series, (yellow green or green to purple or blackish) subulate or linear to lanceolate or elliptic, equal, margins scarious, apices acute, faces glabrous, tomentulose, hispid, or coarsely setose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="receptacle shape;receptacle architecture or pubescence or relief;receptacle pubescence;receptacle architecture"><b>Receptacles </b>slightly convex, smooth, glabrous, epaleate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="floret quantity"><b>Florets </b>4–38;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration">corollas usually creamy white, pink, or lavender, rarely yellow or red (glabrous).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="cypsela coloration;cypsela shape;cypsela shape;cypsela shape;cypsela shape;apex architecture or shape;apex architecture or shape;face architecture or shape;face pubescence"><b>Cypselae </b>golden brown to light tan, narrowly subcylindric, or fusiform to oblanceoloid, or oblong to linear, subterete or angled, apices truncate, not beaked, faces finely 5–12-ribbed, usually glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="pappus duration;pappus coloration;pappus coloration;pappus coloration;pappus variability;series quantity">pappi persistent, of 30–50, dull white to yellow or tan, rarely reddish-brown, ± equal, barbellulate bristles in 1 series.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="bristle architecture;x chromosome quantity">x = 8.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;n Asia;sc Africa (1 species)
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 26–30 (14 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Prenanthes is recognized by the erect and simple habit, deeply divided proximal leaves, whitish, yellow, or pinkish corollas in nodding heads, calyculate involucres, and pappi of barbellulate bristles. Leaf shape, size, and degree of lobing are often used for distinguishing species but are sometimes exceptionally variable. The proximal leaves are usually different in size, shape, and lobing from the distal leaves. Other taxonomic characters include size and habit, corolla color, number of florets per head, and phyllary number, color, and indument. The cypselae and pappi tend to be uniform.</p><!--
--><p>Molecular ITS studies by S. C. Kim et al. (1996) suggested that Prenanthes, as here circumscribed, may be polyphyletic; additional sampling including North American taxa is needed to confirm the relationships of Prenanthes and recognition of Nabalus Cassini at the genus level.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=johnson1979a
|text=Johnson, M. F. 1979. The genus Prenanthes L. (Cichorieae–Asteraceae) in Virginia. Castanea 45: 24–30.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=milstead1964a
|text=Milstead, W. L. 1964. A Revision of the North American Species of Prenanthes. Ph.D. dissertation. Purdue University.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=singhurst2004a
|text=Singhurst, J. R., R. J. O’Kennon, and W. C. Holmes. 2004. The genus Prenanthes (Asteraceae: Lactuceae) in Texas. Sida 21: 181–191.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Phyllaries glabrous
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Phyllaries tomentulose, hispid, or coarsely setose
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Florets and phyllaries (4–)5(–6)
|[[Prenanthes altissima|Prenanthes altissima]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Florets and phyllaries 6–20
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Heads in elongate, slender, spikelike, narrowly racemiform arrays; proximal leaves oblong to linear, pinnately lobed, lobes narrow and at right angles; corollas pinkish.
|[[Prenanthes autumnalis|Prenanthes autumnalis]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Heads in racemiform, paniculiform, or narrowly thyrsiform arrays; proximal leaves ovate to deltate, palmately lobed, irregularly dentate or entire; corollas whitish, pinkish, or pale yellow
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Phyllaries ± purplish or maroon (dark on old specimens); corollas whitish to pinkish; pappi usually reddish brown (rarely yellowish)
|[[Prenanthes alba|Prenanthes alba]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Phyllaries green to tan, dark green, or blackish; corollas white or pale yellow; pappi pale yellow
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Proximal leaves palmately 3(–5)-lobed (often deeply cleft, compound, lobes lanceolate, sinuses angular); involucres campanulate (attenuate at bases); calyculus bractlets triangular; corollas pale yellow
|[[Prenanthes trifoliolata|Prenanthes trifoliolata]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Proximal leaves entire or shallowly lobed (bases hastate or sagittate to truncate or rounded); involucres cylindro-campanulate or narrowly campanulate (rounded, not attentuate at bases); calyculus bractlets subulate to narrowly lanceolate; corollas white
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Plants 5–25 cm; stems decumbent; alpine regions, n Appalachians.
|[[Prenanthes boottii|Prenanthes boottii]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Plants 8–75 cm; stems erect; n Rocky Mountains
|[[Prenanthes sagittata|Prenanthes sagittata]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Proximal leaves petiolate, petioles ± winged, blades spatulate, usually unlobed, apices usually rounded or obtuse; mid cauline leaves sessile, often clasping; heads ± ascending
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Proximal leaves petiolate, petioles winged, blades deltate or triangular to elliptic or ovate (not spatulate), sometimes lobed, apices acute or obtuse; mid cauline leaves sessile or petiolate; heads nodding
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Midstems roughly hispid or coarsely setose; proximalmost leaves withered or deciduous by flowering; leaves ± hispid abaxially; corollas pale yellow to creamy white
|[[Prenanthes aspera|Prenanthes aspera]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Midstems glabrous; proximalmost leaves persistent to flowering; leaves glabrous; corollas usually pinkish (sometimes white or lavender)
|[[Prenanthes racemosa|Prenanthes racemosa]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Proximal leaves sagittate, lobed; phyllaries hispid or tomentulose
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Proximal leaves deltate, ovate, or elliptic, lobed or unlobed; phyllaries coarsely setose
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Plants 80–150 cm; proximal leaves sagittate, bases sagittate; phyllaries hispid along midveins; Edwards Plateau, Texas
|[[Prenanthes carrii|Prenanthes carrii]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Plants 15–80 cm; proximal leaves triangular or irregularly elliptic, bases truncate or hastate; phyllaries finely tomentulose; Pacific Northwest to Alaska
|[[Prenanthes alata|Prenanthes alata]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Proximal leaves deltate, ovate, or hastate, margins entire or coarsely serrate; phyllaries (9–)12–15, dark green to blackish; florets 15–38
|[[Prenanthes crepidinea|Prenanthes crepidinea]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Proximal leaves deltate to ovate or elliptic, margins palmately or pinnately lobed or unlobed, dentate or entire; phyllaries 5–10, green or purple to lavender; florets 5–15
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Proximal leaves coarsely dentate or serrate (unlobed); phyllaries purple or lavender
|[[Prenanthes barbata|Prenanthes barbata]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Proximal leaves 3–5-lobed; phyllaries usually green (sometimes purple in P. serpentaria)
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaves about twice as long as wide, pinnately lobed, lobes and sinuses rounded; heads in broad paniculiform or corymbiform arrays, at least some branches elongate; phyllaries green or often purple, with appressed, green or tan, coarse setae, sometimes reduced to a single seta per phyllary; florets 8–14; widespread in e, s United States.
|[[Prenanthes serpentaria|Prenanthes serpentaria]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaves about as long as wide, palmately lobed, lobes angular; heads and sinuses angular; heads in narrow paniculiform or thyrsiform arrays, branches short; phyllaries dark green, with erect, coarse setae; florets 5–7(–13); mid to high elevations in Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia
|[[Prenanthes roanensis|Prenanthes roanensis]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Prenanthes
|author=David J. Bogler
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|illustrator=Bee F. Gunn
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=North America;n Asia;sc Africa (1 species)
|reference=johnson1979a;milstead1964a;singhurst2004a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V19_358.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae
|genus=Prenanthes
|apex architecture or shape=not beaked;truncate
|apex shape=acute
|array architecture=corymbiform;thyrsiform;paniculiform;racemiform
|blade shape=deltate;triangular or ovate
|bractlet quantity=2;12
|bractlet shape=triangular;linear-lanceolate or subulate
|bractlet size=unequal
|bristle architecture=barbellulate
|corolla coloration=red;yellow;lavender;pink;red;yellow;lavender;pink;red;yellow;lavender;pink;creamy white
|cypsela coloration=golden brown;light tan
|cypsela shape=fusiform;oblanceoloid or oblong
|distal leaf shape=lobing
|distal leaf size=reduced
|face architecture or shape=5-12-ribbed
|face pubescence=glabrous;setose;hispid;setose;hispid;tomentulose;glabrous
|floret quantity=4;38
|involucre diameter=2mm;14mm
|involucre shape=narrowly cylindric;campanulate
|leaf architecture=sessile;petiolate
|leaf position=cauline;basal
|margin shape=lobed
|margin texture=scarious
|pappus coloration=reddish-brown;white;yellow or tan
|pappus duration=persistent
|pappus variability=equal
|peduncle architecture=bracteate
|peduncle shape=inflated
|phyllary quantity=3;15
|phyllary shape=linear;lanceolate or elliptic
|phyllary variability=equal
|receptacle architecture=epaleate
|receptacle architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|receptacle pubescence=glabrous
|receptacle shape=convex
|series quantity=1;1
|slender rhizome fusion=connected
|stem architecture=simple
|stem growth form or orientation=decumbent
|stem orientation=erect
|stem pubescence=tomentulose;glabrous
|stem quantity=1;5
|ultimate margin architecture or shape=dentate;serrate;entire
|whole-organism architecture=taprooted
|whole-organism duration=perennial
|whole-organism some measurement=5cm;250cm
|x chromosome quantity=8
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae]]