View source for Rudbeckia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Rudbeckia
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 906. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 387. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Coneflower
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae;Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Rudbeckiinae;Rudbeckia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subtribe</small>[[Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Rudbeckiinae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Rudbeckia]]</div></div>
|etymology=For Olaus (Olof) Johannes Rudbeck, 1630–1702, and Olaus (Olof) Olai Rudbeck, 1660–1740, father and son, professors at Uppsala University, predecessors of Linnaeus
|volume=Volume 21
|mention_page=page 43, 45
|treatment_page=page 44
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism duration;whole-organism duration;whole_organism atypical some measurement;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form"><b>Annuals,</b> perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs [perennials], mostly 10–80 (–200) cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture"><b>Stems </b>erect, branched distally or ± throughout.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties=""><b>Leaves </b>cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="">mostly opposite (distal sometimes alternate);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf position;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture;leaf architecture">petiolate or sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;ultimate margin shape;ultimate margin shape;face pubescence;face pubescence">blades mostly lanceolate to oblanceolate overall, usually 1–3-pinnately lobed or pinnatisect, ultimate margins toothed or entire, faces glabrous or hairy (oil-glands scattered and/or submarginal).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="head architecture;head architecture;head arrangement;head arrangement"><b>Heads </b>radiate or discoid, borne singly or in ± corymbiform arrays.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="calyculus presence"><b>Calyculi </b>0.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre diameter"><b>Involucres </b>narrowly cylindric or fusiform to turbinate or broadly campanulate, 1–12+ mm diam.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="phyllary duration;phyllary quantity;series quantity"><b>Phyllaries </b>persistent, 3–21+ in 1–2 series (connate to 7/8+ their lengths, usually streaked and/or dotted with oil-glands).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="receptacle shape;receptacle relief;receptacle relief;receptacle architecture"><b>Receptacles </b>convex to conic, smooth or finely pitted, epaleate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="ray-floret presence;ray-floret atypical quantity;ray-floret quantity;ray-floret architecture;ray-floret reproduction"><b>Ray-</b>florets 0 or 1–8 (–13+) (to 100+ in “double” cultivars), pistillate, fertile (except “double” cultivars);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration">corollas yellow or orange, redbrown (with or without yellow/orange), or white.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="disc-floret quantity;disc-floret reproduction;disc-floret reproduction"><b>Disc-</b>florets 6–120+, bisexual, fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla architecture;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;tube length or size;throat variability;lobe quantity;lobe shape">corollas greenish yellow to orange, sometimes tipped with red or redbrown, tubes much longer than or about equaling funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate to lance-linear (equal or 2 sinuses deeper than others).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="cypsela shape;cypsela shape;cypsela shape;cypsela pubescence;cypsela pubescence"><b>Cypselae </b>narrowly obpyramidal or fusiform-terete, sometimes weakly flattened, glabrous or hairy;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="scale atypical quantity;scale quantity;scale fusion;scale fusion;series quantity;series quantity">pappi persistent, of 2–5 (–10) dissimilar, distinct or connate scales in ± 1 series: 0–5+ oblong to lanceolate, erose-truncate or laciniate plus 0–2 (–5) longer, subulate to aristate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="pappus duration;pappus shape;pappus shape;pappus atypical quantity;pappus quantity;pappus length or size;pappus shape;x chromosome quantity">x = 12.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;in Europe
|discussion=<p>Species 23 (23 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The species of Rudbeckia are distributed among three major clades or lineages. Although relationships among the lineages are not robustly resolved, the lineages are treated here as sections (as they have been traditionally). Rudbeckia hirta and sometimes other species of the genus are used in experimental studies relating to initiation of flowering and hairy root culture. Most species are rich sources of phytochemicals that may offer potential for pharmaceutical or other uses.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=cox1994a
|text=Cox, P. B. and L. E. Urbatsch. 1994. A taxonomic revision of Rudbeckia subg. Macrocline (Asteraceae: Heliantheae: Rudbeckiinae). Castanea 59: 300–318.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=perdue1957a
|text=Perdue, R. E. Jr. 1957. Synopsis of Rudbeckia subgenus Rudbeckia. Rhodora 59: 293–299.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Annuals (stems glabrous); leaves sessile, blades elliptic, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oblong, or ovate (not lobed, bases auriculate and clasping, faces glabrous, glaucous); phyllaries in 2 series (lengths of outer 2–4+ times inner, inner sometimes interpreted as paleae); paleae surpassing cypselae, margins ciliate, faces usually glabrous; pappi 0
|[[Rudbeckia sect. Dracopis|Rudbeckia sect. Dracopis]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Annuals, biennials, or perennials (if epappose annuals, stems hairy); leaves petiolate or sessile, blades elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, ovate, or spatulate (often lobed, faces glabrous or hairy, sometimes glaucous; if leaves sessile and not lobed and bases auriculate and clasping, then robust perennials); phyllaries in 2(–3) series; paleae sometimes surpassing cypselae, margins usually ciliate, rarely eciliate, faces glabrous or hairy; pappi usually coroniform or of 2–6+ scales, sometimes 0 (sometimes cypselae each with glandular hairs around apices in R. heliopsidis)
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves often bluish green, glaucous; receptacles usually conic to columnar (paleae not surpassing cypselae, except in R. laciniata: paleae surpassing cypselae, receptacles sometimes hemispheric to ovoid, disc corolla lobes yellow); ray florets 0 or 8–15+, corollas bright yellow; disc corollas proximally yellow to yellowish green, distally yellow or greenish to brown-purple; cypselae (3–)3.5–7.5 mm; pappi coroniform, or of 2–6 scales 0.1–2.5 mm
|[[Rudbeckia sect. Macrocline|Rudbeckia sect. Macrocline]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves green, not glaucous; receptacles usually conic to hemispheric, rarely columnar (paleae surpassing cypselae); ray florets 6–25+, corollas usually yellow-orange proximally, yellow distally, sometimes with basal maroon splotch (orangish red to maroon in R. graminifolia); disc corollas proximally yellow to yellowish green, distally usually brown-purple, lobes sometimes yellowish or greenish; cypselae 1.5–3.5(–4) mm; pappi coroniform, or of 8+ unequal scales 0.1–2 mm, or 0 (sometimes cypselae each with glandular hairs around apices in R. heliopsidis)
|[[Rudbeckia sect. Rudbeckia|Rudbeckia sect. Rudbeckia]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Rudbeckia
|author=Lowell E. Urbatsch;Patricia B. Cox
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subtribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|illustrator=John Myers
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=North America;in Europe
|reference=cox1994a;perdue1957a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V21_86.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae
|subtribe=Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Rudbeckiinae
|genus=Rudbeckia
|blade shape=pinnatisect;lobed;mostly lanceolate;oblanceolate
|calyculus presence=absent
|corolla architecture=tipped
|corolla coloration=redbrown;red;greenish yellow;orange
|cypsela pubescence=hairy;glabrous
|cypsela shape=flattened;fusiform-terete;obpyramidal
|disc-floret quantity=6;120
|disc-floret reproduction=fertile;bisexual
|face pubescence=hairy;glabrous
|head architecture=discoid;radiate
|head arrangement=in more or less corymbiform arrays;singly
|involucre diameter=1mm;12mm
|involucre shape=fusiform;turbinate or broadly campanulate
|leaf architecture=sessile;petiolate
|leaf arrangement=opposite
|leaf position=cauline
|lobe quantity=5
|lobe shape=deltate;lance-linear
|pappus atypical quantity=2;5
|pappus duration=persistent
|pappus length or size=longer
|pappus quantity=0;2
|pappus shape=subulate;aristate
|phyllary duration=persistent
|phyllary quantity=3;21
|ray-floret architecture=pistillate
|ray-floret atypical quantity=8;13
|ray-floret presence=absent
|ray-floret quantity=1;8
|ray-floret reproduction=fertile
|receptacle architecture=epaleate
|receptacle relief=pitted;smooth
|receptacle shape=convex;conic
|scale atypical quantity=5;10
|scale fusion=connate;distinct
|scale quantity=2;5
|series quantity=0;5
|stem architecture=branched
|stem orientation=erect
|throat variability=equaling
|tube length or size=much longer
|ultimate margin shape=entire;toothed
|whole-organism duration=perennial;annual
|whole_organism atypical some measurement=80cm;200cm
|whole_organism growth form=shrub;subshrub
|whole_organism some measurement=10cm;80cm
|x chromosome quantity=12
}}<!--

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[[Category:Treatment]]
[[Category:Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Rudbeckiinae]]
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]