View source for Sarcobatus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Sarcobatus
|accepted_authority=Nees in M. P. zu Wied
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=in M. P. zu Wied, Reise Nord-Amer.
|place=1: 510. 1839
|year=1839
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Fremontia
|authority=Torrey
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Chenopodiaceae;Sarcobatus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Chenopodiaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Sarcobatus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek sarco, flesh, and batos, bramble, alluding to the leaves and thorns
|volume=Volume 4
|mention_page=page 258, 260, 263, 351
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism growth form"><b>Shrubs,</b> deciduous, monoecious, glabrous or pubescent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem growth form;stem texture"><b>Stems </b>erect, much-branched, not jointed, dimorphic, not fleshy;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="long-shoot architecture or arrangement or growth form;long-shoot position;long-shoot shape">long-shoots solitary, axillary, elongate, bearing leaves and axillary thorns;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="short-shoot arrangement or growth form;thorn architecture or shape;thorn position;lateral branch architecture or shape;lateral branch position">short-shoots clustered, budlike, usually subtending thorns or lateral branches, bearing leaves;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="thorn atypical quantity;thorn quantity">thorns 1 (–2) per node.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf architecture;leaf texture;short-shoot arrangement or growth form"><b>Leaves </b>mostly alternate on long-shoots (sometimes opposite proximally) or clustered (“tufted”) on short-shoots, sessile, succulent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade arrangement or course or shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;margin architecture or shape;apex shape">blade linear, nearly terete to somewhat flattened, margins entire, apex obtuse (mucronate).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="flower architecture;flower arrangement;flower arrangement"><b>Inflorescences:</b> pistillate flowers solitary or paired in axils of foliage leaves;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="inflorescence architecture;inflorescence position or shape;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence architecture;spike shape;flower quantity;flower arrangement">staminate inflorescences distal to pistillate, terminal, pedunculate, cylindric spike of 10–40 spirally arranged flowers.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties=""><b>Flowers </b>unisexual, ebracteolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="">pistillate sessile (sometimes short-pedunculate in fruit);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture;flower architecture;flower architecture;perianth size;perianth fusion;perianth shape;margin shape;margin shape">“perianth” accrescent, adnate, cuplike, margins subentire to shallowly lobed, flaring to form wing in fruit;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stigma quantity">stigmas 2;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;perianth presence">staminate flowers: perianth absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;anther duration;anther atypical quantity;anther atypical quantity;anther quantity;anther architecture;anther orientation;stalk duration;scale position;scale architecture;scale shape;scale texture">anthers caducous, (1–) 2–4 (–5), almost sessile, arising from spike axis and around stalk of persistent, overtopping and concealing, eccentrically peltate, rhombic, scarious scale.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="proximal portion size;wing shape"><b>Fruiting </b>structures: fruits achenes, proximal portion below wing turbinate, enlarging less than distal portion;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="wing shape">distal portion above wing conic;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="wing coloration;wing architecture;wing width;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin architecture or relief">wing sometimes red-tinged, veiny, broad, margins shallowly to deeply lobed, undulate, crenulate to erose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="seed orientation;seed shape;seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>vertical, flattened, orbiculate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="seed-coat coloration;seed-coat texture">seed-coat transparent, membranous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="">perisperm absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="perisperm presence;x chromosome quantity">x = 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;including nw Mexico
|discussion=<p>Species 2 (2 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Sarcobatus was considered monotypic until F. V. Coville published a second species, from western Nevada. The following features have been used (with variable success) to separate the taxa: stature, bark color, leaf length and vestiture, fruit dimensions and vestiture, length of staminate spikes, and number of pistillate flowers per flowering branch. Sarcobatus baileyi has been treated as a species by some, as S. vermiculatus var. baileyi (Coville) Jepson by others, as an unnamed form, and as a taxon not worthy of recognition. Further study may resolve its status; we prefer to maintain the specific rank originally assigned to it.</p><!--
--><p>Plants of Sarcobatus are divaricating shrubs, with elongate lateral branches and thorns extending from the main stems at more-or-less right angles, resulting in a tangle of branches and thorns in mature individuals. In addition to elongate lateral branches, they also have short budlike shoots, often clustered into a “cushionlike” structure, that subtend these elongate lateral branches or thorns (i.e., in the position of leaf scars). One key difference between the species is the abundance and behavior of these short shoots and how they produce additional lateral leafy and flowering branches.</p><!--
--><p>The two species of Sarcobatus can grow together and may intergrade. Many equivocal specimens can be identified as either somewhat depauperate S. vermiculatus or somewhat robust S. baileyi, both apparently resulting from intermediate soil-moisture conditions or possibly as a response to infestation by fungi or arthropods. Other specimens are problematical, combining in various degrees the features allegedly defining the two taxa. Assigning such specimens to either of the taxa requires a certain amount of arbitrariness; some specimens we cannot determine with certainty. Collectors should record notes on habit, height, and foliage color; photographs of the plants may be helpful. Occasional individuals may be F1 hybrids, being intermediate in morphology, having malformed leaves and inflorescences, and appearing to be sterile.</p><!--
--><p>We have seen a few equivocal specimens of Sarcobatus that look disfigured and show numerous, large, dense, short shoots with numerous leaves, giving the appearance of witches’-broom disease. These short shoots, although resembling those of S. baileyi, are unlike those of either species because they are much larger and possess many more leaves than occur on typical short shoots. In addition, the long shoots on these anomalous specimens are like those characteristic of S. vermiculatus.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=baillon1887a
|text=Baillon, H. E. 1887. Développement de la fleur femelle du Sarcobatus. Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 649.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=behnke1997a
|text=Behnke, H.-D. 1997. Sarcobataceae—a new family of Caryophyllales. Taxon 46: 495–507.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=carlquist2000b
|text=Carlquist, S. 2000b. Wood and stem anatomy of Sarcobatus (Caryophyllales): Systematic and ecological implications. Taxon 49: 27–34.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=sanderson1999a
|text=Sanderson, S. C., H. C. Stutz, M. Stutz, and R. C. Roos. 1999. Chromosome races in Sarcobatus (Sarcobataceae, Caryophyllales). Great Basin Naturalist 59: 301–314.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blades usually glabrous, or slightly pubescent, bright green to yellowish green in life, (0.3-)1.5-4(-5) cm; leaves mostly solitary on elongate shoots of current season; pistillate flowers and staminate spikes on long lateral branches with 3-9 readily visible internodes; staminate spikes at maturity usually 11-40 mm; widespread in w North America
|[[Sarcobatus vermiculatus|Sarcobatus vermiculatus]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blades usually pubescent, dull green to grayish green in life, (0.5-)1-1.6 cm; leaves mostly clustered on cushionlike base on older wood; pistillate flowers and staminate spikes on short branches with 1-3 barely discernible internodes; staminate spikes at maturity usu- ally to 10 mm; Nevada
|[[Sarcobatus baileyi|Sarcobatus baileyi]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Sarcobatus
|author=Matthew H. Hils;John W. Thieret;James D. Morefield
|authority=Nees in M. P. zu Wied
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Fremontia
|basionyms=
|family=Chenopodiaceae
|distribution=North America;including nw Mexico
|reference=baillon1887a;behnke1997a;carlquist2000b;sanderson1999a
|publication title=in M. P. zu Wied, Reise Nord-Amer.
|publication year=1839
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V4/V4_769.xml
|genus=Sarcobatus
|anther architecture=sessile
|anther atypical quantity=4;5
|anther duration=caducous
|anther orientation=arising
|anther quantity=2;4
|apex shape=obtuse
|blade arrangement or course or shape=linear
|blade shape=flattened;terete to somewhat;terete
|flower architecture=staminate;staminate;sessile;pistillate;ebracteolate;pistillate
|flower arrangement=arranged;paired;solitary
|flower quantity=10;40
|flower reproduction=unisexual
|inflorescence architecture=pedunculate;pistillate;staminate
|inflorescence position or shape=distal
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|lateral branch architecture or shape=budlike
|lateral branch position=subtending
|leaf architecture=sessile
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf texture=succulent
|long-shoot architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|long-shoot position=axillary
|long-shoot shape=elongate
|margin architecture or relief=erose
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|margin shape=crenulate;undulate;lobed;flaring;subentire;shallowly lobed
|perianth fusion=adnate
|perianth presence=absent
|perianth shape=cuplike
|perianth size=accrescent
|perisperm presence=absent
|proximal portion size=enlarging
|scale architecture=peltate
|scale position=concealing
|scale shape=rhombic
|scale texture=scarious
|seed orientation=vertical
|seed shape=orbiculate;flattened
|seed-coat coloration=transparent
|seed-coat texture=membranous
|short-shoot arrangement or growth form=clustered;clustered
|spike shape=cylindric
|stalk duration=persistent
|stem architecture=not jointed;much-branched
|stem growth form=dimorphic
|stem orientation=erect
|stem texture=not fleshy
|stigma quantity=2
|thorn architecture or shape=budlike
|thorn atypical quantity=1;2
|thorn position=subtending
|thorn quantity=1
|whole_organism duration=deciduous
|whole_organism growth form=shrub
|whole_organism pubescence=pubescent;glabrous
|whole_organism reproduction=monoecious
|wing architecture=veiny
|wing coloration=red-tinged
|wing shape=conic;turbinate
|wing width=broad
|x chromosome quantity=9
}}<!--

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