View source for Scleria

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Scleria
|accepted_authority=P. J. Bergius
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl.
|place=26: 142, plates 4, 5. 1765
|year=1765
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Cyperaceae;Scleria
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Cyperaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Scleria]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek scleros, hard; perhaps in refernce to the hypogynium
|volume=Volume 23
|mention_page=page 3, 7, 243, 247, 251
|treatment_page=page 242
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs </b>usually perennial, sometimes annual, cespitose or not, rhizomatous or not.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="culm architecture or arrangement or growth form;culm architecture or arrangement or growth form;culm architecture;culm position;culm shape;culm atypical some measurement;culm atypical some measurement;culm some measurement;culm fragility;culm architecture"><b>Culms </b>solitary or not, unbranched proximal to inflorescence, trigonous, (6–) 10–100 (–125) cm (high-climbing into trees), weak or wiry.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf quantity;cauline leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>few-to-many per culm, cauline, 3-ranked;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="sheath presence">sheaths present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="ligule development;ligule prominence">ligules usually well developed, sometimes obsolete;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade development;blade variability;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade width;blade fragility;blade pubescence;blade pubescence;blade pubescence;blade pubescence;blade pubescence;midvein prominence">blades well developed (or rudimentary, sometimes absent on proximal leaves), shorter than, equaling, or overtopping culms, plane, keeled, or revolute, 0.5–9 mm wide, stiff, with prominent midvein, glabrous, scabrous, or pubescent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence position;inflorescence position;spike quantity;spike architecture or arrangement;spike arrangement"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, often axillary, sometimes pseudolateral, panicles, spikes, or 1 or more capitate or fasciculate clusters;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="spikelet quantity">spikelets 1–100+;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="culm bract quantity;culm bract orientation;culm bract orientation;culm bract shape;culm bract shape;culm bract shape;culm bract shape;culm bract shape;culm bract some measurement;culm bract height or length or size;culm bract pubescence;culm bract pubescence;spikelet position relational">bracts 1–3, ascending or erect, bristle-shaped, awl-shaped, or leaflike, sometimes appearing to continuation of culm, 10–150 mm, shorter than or exceeding spikelets, glabrous or ciliate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="scale quantity;scale arrangement;proximal scale quantity;scale architecture;scale reproduction;scale architecture;scale reproduction;scale architecture;scale architecture"><b>Spikelets:</b> scales 3–10+, each subtending flower, distichous, proximal 2–4 scales empty, proximal fertile scale pistillate, distal fertile scales staminate or sometimes empty;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="spikelet architecture;spikelet architecture">occasionally some spikelets entirely pistillate or staminate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower reproduction"><b>Flowers </b>unisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="perianth presence">perianth absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stamen quantity">stamens 1–3;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="anther some measurement;apex shape;apex shape">anthers 2–4 mm, apex usually mucronate or awned;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="style arrangement or course or shape;style shape;base duration;base duration;hypogynium prominence;hypogynium prominence;hypogynium size;hypogynium size">styles linear, 2–3-fid, base deciduous or persistent, hypogynium rudimentary or prominent, slender or enlarged.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="achene shape;achene shape;achene some measurement;achene relief;achene relief;achene relief;achene relief;achene relief;achene relief;achene pubescence"><b>Achenes </b>trigonous or rounded, 1–4 mm, smooth, tuberculate, verrucose, or reticulate, occasionally pubescent.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Tropical and warm-temperate regions of both hemispheres
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 200 (14 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Unusual structures provide important taxonomic markers in Scleria, necessitating some specialized terminology. The hypogynium is a peculiar, hardened disc at the base of the achene. In some species the hypogynium forms a prominent collar, while in others it is an inconspicuous ridge around the point of attachment of the achene. Before the achene abscises, the hypogynium is attached to a concave disc, the cupula, which remains with the inflorescence when the achene is shed. The contra-ligule (sometimes called the ligula) is a membranous flap on the rim of the leaf sheath on the opposite side from the blade. Contra-ligules are present in some other genera of Cyperaceae; their structure is seldom used taxonomically outside Scleria.</p><!--
--><p>Scleria vaginata Steudel, native to Central and South America, was collected once as an adventive in southern Florida, where it is an aggressive vine over two meters. The hypogynium is well developed but lacks tubercles, and the achene is smooth, shining, and gray or purplish.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Hypogynium absent or vestigial, achene base tapered, indented or with small pits, appearing continuous with achene body in texture and color.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Hypogynium present, appearing as basal zone differentiated from rest of achene by change in tissue appearance or physical border or gap or both.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Achenes reticulate; plants annuals with weak bases, lacking rhizomes, with fibrous roots.
|[[Scleria verticillata|Scleria verticillata]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Achenes essentially smooth; plants perennials with firm bases, with rhizomes.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences ± branched, spicate-paniculate; contra-ligules well developed, ciliate.
|[[Scleria lithosperma|Scleria lithosperma]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences not obviously branched, headlike or spikelike; contra-ligules minute or absent.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Inflorescence interruptedly spicate.
|[[Scleria distans|Scleria distans]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Inflorescence a single cluster at summit of culm.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Achenes 3–4 mm, base indented, without granulose pits.
|[[Scleria baldwinii|Scleria baldwinii]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Achenes 2–3 mm, base with 6 granulose pits.
|[[Scleria georgiana|Scleria georgiana]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves 10–25 mm wide; hypogynium bluntly 3-angled, smooth; main stem strongly retrorsely scabrous.
|[[Scleria lacustris|Scleria lacustris]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves 1–9 mm wide; hypogynium of lobes, papillose tubercles, or continuous papillose band; main stem ciliate or smooth.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Hypogynium with narrow, smooth base proximal to 8–9 small, rounded, papillose tubercles.
|[[Scleria oligantha|Scleria oligantha]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Hypogynium with 3 or 6 lobes or papillose tubercles or continuous and papillate with neither lobes nor distinct tubercles.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Hypogynium continuous and without distinct lobes or tubercles, densely covered with whitish to brownish papillae; body of achene smooth.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Hypogynium with 3 or 6 lobes or tubercles; body of achene usually reticulate or papillose.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaves 3–9 mm wide; achenes 2–3 mm.
|[[Scleria triglomerata|Scleria triglomerata]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaves 1–2.5 mm wide; achenes 1.5–2 mm.
|[[Scleria minor|Scleria minor]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Hypogynium with 3 oblong lobes; inflorescence paniculate, with visible branches.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Hypogynium not distinctly 3-lobed, with 3 or 6 tubercles; inflorescence with spikelets in dense clusters, lacking obvious branches.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Proximalmost lateral panicle spreading or drooping on filiform, flexuous peduncle (15–)20–100 mm; achene usually with tufts or lines of spreading, whitish or tawny hairs on ridges, rarely glabrous; distalmost lateral panicle with bract (including sheath) usually 1/4–3/4 length of terminal internode.
|[[Scleria muehlenbergii|Scleria muehlenbergii]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Proximalmost lateral panicle erect, sessile or on stiff, ± erect peduncle to 20(–90) mm; achene glabrous; distalmost lateral panicle with bract (including sheath) usually 3/4 or more length of terminal internode.
|[[Scleria reticularis|Scleria reticularis]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Achenes reticulate-ridged.
|[[Scleria curtissii|Scleria curtissii]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Achenes tuberculate, verrucose, or papillate, rarely nearly smooth.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Hypogynium with 6 distinctly separate tubercles arranged in pairs; achenes 1–2.5 mm; leaves 1–2.5 mm wide.
|[[Scleria pauciflora|Scleria pauciflora]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Hypogynium with 3 tubercles (these often irregular or 2-lobed); achenes 2–3.5 mm; leaves 1–7 mm wide.
|[[Scleria ciliata|Scleria ciliata]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Scleria
|author=A. A. Reznicek;John E. Fairey III;Alan T. Whittemore
|authority=P. J. Bergius
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Cyperaceae
|illustrator=John Myers
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=Tropical and warm-temperate regions of both hemispheres
|reference=None
|publication title=Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl.
|publication year=1765
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V23/V23_434.xml
|genus=Scleria
|achene pubescence=pubescent
|achene relief=reticulate;verrucose;reticulate;verrucose;tuberculate;smooth
|achene shape=rounded;trigonous
|achene some measurement=1mm;4mm
|anther some measurement=2mm;4mm
|apex shape=awned;mucronate
|base duration=persistent;deciduous
|blade development=developed
|blade fragility=stiff
|blade pubescence=pubescent;scabrous;pubescent;scabrous;glabrous
|blade shape=revolute;keeled;revolute;keeled;plane
|blade variability=equaling
|blade width=0.5mm;9mm
|cauline leaf arrangement=3-ranked
|culm architecture=wiry;unbranched
|culm architecture or arrangement or growth form=not;solitary
|culm atypical some measurement=100cm;125cm
|culm bract height or length or size=shorter
|culm bract orientation=erect;ascending
|culm bract pubescence=ciliate;glabrous
|culm bract quantity=1;3
|culm bract shape=leaflike;awl--shaped;leaflike;awl--shaped;bristle--shaped
|culm bract some measurement=10mm;150mm
|culm fragility=weak
|culm position=proximal
|culm shape=trigonous
|culm some measurement=10cm;100cm
|flower reproduction=unisexual
|hypogynium prominence=prominent;rudimentary
|hypogynium size=enlarged;slender
|inflorescence position=pseudolateral;axillary
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|leaf quantity=few;many
|ligule development=developed
|ligule prominence=obsolete
|midvein prominence=prominent
|perianth presence=absent
|proximal scale quantity=2;4
|scale architecture=empty;staminate;pistillate;empty
|scale arrangement=distichous
|scale quantity=3;10
|scale reproduction=fertile;fertile
|sheath presence=absent
|spike architecture or arrangement=fasciculate
|spike arrangement=cluster
|spike quantity=1
|spikelet architecture=staminate;pistillate
|spikelet position relational=exceeding
|spikelet quantity=1;100
|stamen quantity=1;3
|style arrangement or course or shape=linear
|style shape=2-3-fid
|whole_organism architecture=not;rhizomatous
|whole_organism duration=annual;perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb;not;cespitose
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Cyperaceae]]