View source for Setaria

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Setaria
|accepted_authority=P. Beauv.
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Setaria
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Setaria]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 25
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 539
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form">cespitose, rarely rhizomatous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="culm some measurement;culm orientation;culm orientation"><b>Culms </b>10-600 cm, erect or decumbent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="ligule texture;ligule architecture or pubescence or shape;ligule architecture or pubescence or shape"><b>Ligules </b>membranous and ciliate or of hairs;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade prominence or shape;blade architecture or shape;blade shape or vernation;blade architecture or arrangement or shape or vernation;blade architecture">blades flat, folded, or involute, or plicate and petiolate (subg. Ptychophyllum).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, panicles, usually dense and spikelike, occasionally loose and open;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="panicle density;panicle shape;panicle architecture or fragility;panicle architecture;spikelet life cycle;spikelet condition;bristle duration">disarticulation usually below the glumes, spikelets falling intact, bristles persistent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="spikelet some measurement;spikelet shape;spikelet shape;spikelet shape;spikelet architecture;branch height or length or size;branch height or length or size;branch quantity;bristle quantity;bristle shape"><b>Spikelets </b>1-5 mm, usually lanceoloid-ellipsoid, rarely globose, turgid, subsessile to short pedicellate, in fascicles on short branches or single on a short branch, some or all subtended by 1-several, terete bristles (sterile branchlets).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="lower glume texture;lower glume architecture or shape;lower glume quantity;lower glume architecture"><b>Lower </b>glumes membranous, not saccate, less than 1/2 as long as the spikelets, 1-7-veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="upper glume texture;upper glume architecture;upper lemma life cycle;upper lemma quantity;upper lemma variability">upper glumes membranous to herbaceous at maturity, 1/2 as long as to nearly equaling the upper lemmas in length, 3-9-veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="lower floret architecture;lower floret reproduction">lower florets staminate or sterile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="lower lemma texture;lower lemma variability;lower lemma variability;lower lemma presence;lower lemma size;lower lemma texture;lower lemma architecture">lower lemmas membranous, equaling or rarely exceeding the upper lemmas, rarely absent, not constricted or indurate basally, 5-7-veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="lower palea coloration;lower palea texture;vein life cycle;vein presence;vein size;vein shape">lower paleas usually hyaline to membranous at maturity, rarely absent or reduced, veins not keeled;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="upper floret reproduction">upper florets bisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="upper lemma texture;upper lemma relief;upper lemma architecture or pubescence or relief;upper palea texture;upper palea relief;upper palea architecture or pubescence or relief">upper lemmas and paleas indurate, transversely rugose, rarely smooth;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="anther quantity;anther shape">anthers 3, not penicillate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="style quantity;style fusion;style fusion;style coloration;style coloration">styles 2, free or fused basally, white or red.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties=""><b>Caryopses </b>small, ellipsoid to subglobose, compressed dorsiventrally.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="caryopsis size;caryopsis shape;caryopsis shape;x chromosome quantity">x = 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Utah;W.Va.;Mich.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;Iowa;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Md.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;N.Mex.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Wyo.;Puerto Rico;Calif.;Oreg.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;Tenn.;S.C.;Ala.;Virgin Islands;Pa.;Mont.;Miss.;Ohio;Va.;Colo.;Alaska;Ark.;Ariz.;Ga.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Ky.;Minn.;Mo.;Nev.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon
|discussion=<p>Setaria, a genus of about 140 species, grows predominantly in tropical and warm-temperate regions, but it is particularly well-represented in Africa, Asia, and South America. Species from the Flora region fall into one of three categories: native to North America, native to South America, or native to the Eastern Hemisphere. There are 27 species in the Flora region; fifteen are native, nine are established introductions, one is cultivated, and two are not established or have been collected only at scattered locations. Several species of the native Setaria macrostachya complex (S. macrostacbya, S. leucopila, S. texana, S. villosissima, and S. scheelei) provide valuable forage in the southwestern United States. Setaria italica has been cultivated for centuries in Asia and Europe, providing food for humans and their livestock. The majority of species in temperate North America are aggressive, exotic annuals which collectively are a major nuisance, particularly in the corn and bean fields of the midwestern states.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=clayton1979a
|text=Clayton, W.D. 1979. Notes on Setaria (Gramineae). Kew Bull. 33:501-509
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=emery1957a
|text=Emery, U.H.P. 1957. A cyto-taxonomic study of Setaria macrostachya (Gramineae) and its relatives in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 84:94-105
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=fox1999a
|text=Fox, W.E., III and S.L. Hatch. 1999. New combinations in Setaria (Poaceae: Paniceae). Sida 18:1037-1047
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hitchcock1951d
|text=Hitchcock, A.S. 1951 [title page 1950]. Manual of the Grasses of the United States, ed. 2, rev. A. Chase. U.S.D.A. Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 1051 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hubbard1915a
|text=Hubbard, F.T. 1915. A taxonomic study of Setaria italica and its immediate allies. Amer. J. Bot. 2:169-198
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=rominger1962a
|text=Rominger, J.M. 1962. Taxonomy of Setaria (Gramineae) in North America. Illinois Biol. Monogr. 29:1-132.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Terminal spikelet of each panicle branch subtended by a single bristle, single bristles occasionally also present below the other spikelets.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Blades not plicate, less than 10 mm wide; bristles present only below the terminal spikelets.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Panicles nodding; spikelets 2-ranked on the branch axes (subg. Paurochaetium)
|[[Setaria chapmanii|Setaria chapmanii]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Panicles erect; spikelets randomly distributed on the branch axes (subg. Revercboniae)
|[[Setaria reverchonii|Setaria reverchonii]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Blades plicate, more than 10 mm wide; a single bristle sometimes present below the non-terminal spikelets (subg. Ptychophyllum).
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants annual; blades 10-25 mm wide; rachises villous
|[[Setaria barbata|Setaria barbata]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants perennial; blades 20-80 mm wide; rachises scabrous or puberulent.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Panicles loosely open, branches lax, 6-10 cm long
|[[Setaria palmifolia|Setaria palmifolia]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Panicles lanceoloid, branches stiff, 2-5 cm long
|[[Setaria megaphylla|Setaria megaphylla]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|All spikelets subtended by 1-several bristles (subg. Setaria).
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Bristles 4-12 below each spikelet.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants annual.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Panicles erect; bristles 3-8 mm long; spikelets 2-3.4 mm long; blades 4-10 mm wide
|[[Setaria pumila|Setaria pumila]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Panicles arching and drooping from near the base; bristles about 10 mm long; spikelets 2.5-3 mm long; blades 10-20 mm wide
|[[Setaria faberi|Setaria faberi]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants perennial.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Panicles 3-8(10) cm long, yellow to purple; knotty rhizomes present; native
|[[Setaria parviflora|Setaria parviflora]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Panicles 5-25 cm long, usually orange to purple; stout rhizomes present; introduced
|[[Setaria sphacelata|Setaria sphacelata]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Bristles 1-3 (rarely 6) below each spikelet.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Bristles retrorsely scabrous.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Margins of sheaths glabrous; blades strigose on the abaxial surfaces; subtropical
|[[Setaria adhaerans|Setaria adhaerans]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Margins of sheaths ciliate distally; blades scabrous on the abaxial surfaces; temperate
|[[Setaria verticillata|Setaria verticillata]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Bristles antrorsely scabrous.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Plants perennial.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Spikelets 2.8-3.2 mm long.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Blades scabrous; plants of Florida and Georgia
|[[Setaria macrosperma|Setaria macrosperma]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Blades pubescent; plants of Texas and possibly Arizona
|[[Setaria villosissima|Setaria villosissima]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Spikelets 1.9-2.8(3) mm long.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Panicles 2-6 cm long; spikelets 1.9-2.1 mm long; culms branching at the upper nodes
|[[Setaria texana|Setaria texana]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Panicles 5-30 cm long; spikelets 2-2.8(3) mm long; culms seldom branching at the upper nodes.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Lower paleas narrow, 1/2 - 3/4 as long as the lemmas; spikelets elliptical.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Blades usually less than 5 mm wide; panicles 6-15 cm, columnar; bristles ascending
|[[Setaria leucopila|Setaria leucopila]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Blades usually more than 5 mm wide; panicles 15-25 cm, tapering to the apex; bristles diverging
|[[Setaria scheelei|Setaria scheelei]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Lower paleas broad, subequal to the lemmas in length; spikelets subspherical to ovate-lanceolate.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Panicles dense, cylindrical; spikelets subspherical
|[[Setaria macrostacbya|Setaria macrostacbya]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Panicles interrupted, attenuate; spikelets ovate-lanceolate.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Blades 6-12 mm wide; lower glumes 1/2 as long as the spikelets
|[[Setaria setosa|Setaria setosa]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Blades mostly less than 5 mm wide; lower glumes about 1/3 as long as the spikelets
|[[Setaria rariflora|Setaria rariflora]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Plants annual.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Upper glumes and lower lemmas with 7 veins, the outer pair of veins not coalescing with the inner 5; lower paleas absent
|[[Setaria liebmannii|Setaria liebmannii]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Upper glumes and lower lemmas with 5-7 veins, all of which coalesce near the apices; lower paleas present, sometimes reduced or absent.
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Upper lemmas smooth and shiny, occasionally obscurely transversely rugose.
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Spikelets about 2 mm long, lower paleas equal to the lower lemmas
|[[Setaria magna|Setaria magna]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Spikelets about 3 mm long, lower paleas absent or up to 1/2 as long as the lower lemmas
|[[Setaria italica|Setaria italica]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Upper lemmas distinctly transversely rugose, dull.
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Upper lemmas coarsely rugose.
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Panicles densely spicate; rachises sparsely villous; plants of the southeastern United States
|[[Setaria corrugata|Setaria corrugata]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Panicles loosely spicate; rachises scabrous; plants of southern Arizona
|[[Setaria arizonica|Setaria arizonica]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Upper lemmas finely rugose.
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Panicles verticillate or loosely spicate; rachises visible, scabrous or hispid.
|[[#key-0-26| > 26]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Panicles verticillate; rachises scabrous; cauline nodes glabrous
|[[Setaria verticilliformis|Setaria verticilliformis]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Panicles loosely spicate, interrupted; rachises hispid; cauline nodes pubescent
|[[Setaria grisebachii|Setaria grisebachii]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Panicles densely spicate; rachises not visible, villous.
|[[#key-0-26| > 26]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Blades softly pilose on the upper surface; spikelets 2.5-3 mm long; panicles nodding from the base
|[[Setaria faberi|Setaria faberi]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Blades scabrous; spikelets 1.8-2.2 mm long; panicles nodding only from near the apex
|[[Setaria viridis|Setaria viridis]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Setaria
|author=James M. Rominger;
|authority=P. Beauv.
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Utah;W.Va.;Mich.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;Iowa;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Md.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;N.Mex.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Wyo.;Puerto Rico;Calif.;Oreg.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;Tenn.;S.C.;Ala.;Virgin Islands;Pa.;Mont.;Miss.;Ohio;Va.;Colo.;Alaska;Ark.;Ariz.;Ga.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Ky.;Minn.;Mo.;Nev.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon
|reference=clayton1979a;emery1957a;fox1999a;hitchcock1951d;hubbard1915a;rominger1962a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V25/V25_1388.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae
|genus=Setaria
|anther quantity=3
|anther shape=not penicillate
|blade architecture=petiolate
|blade architecture or arrangement or shape or vernation=plicate
|blade architecture or shape=folded
|blade prominence or shape=flat
|blade shape or vernation=involute
|branch height or length or size=short;short
|branch quantity=single
|bristle duration=persistent
|bristle quantity=1;several
|bristle shape=terete
|caryopsis shape=compressed;ellipsoid;subglobose
|caryopsis size=small
|culm orientation=decumbent;erect
|culm some measurement=10cm;600cm
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|ligule architecture or pubescence or shape=of hairs;ciliate
|ligule texture=membranous
|lower floret architecture=staminate
|lower floret reproduction=sterile
|lower glume architecture=1-7-veined
|lower glume architecture or shape=not saccate
|lower glume quantity=0;1/2
|lower glume texture=membranous
|lower lemma architecture=5-7-veined
|lower lemma presence=absent
|lower lemma size=not constricted
|lower lemma texture=indurate;membranous
|lower lemma variability=rarely exceeding the upper lemmas;equaling
|lower palea coloration=hyaline
|lower palea texture=membranous
|panicle architecture=open
|panicle architecture or fragility=loose
|panicle density=dense
|panicle shape=spikelike
|spikelet architecture=subsessile;short pedicellate
|spikelet condition=intact
|spikelet life cycle=falling
|spikelet shape=turgid;globose;lanceoloid-ellipsoid
|spikelet some measurement=1mm;5mm
|style coloration=red;white
|style fusion=fused;free
|style quantity=2
|upper floret reproduction=bisexual
|upper glume architecture=3-9-veined
|upper glume texture=membranous;herbaceous
|upper lemma architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|upper lemma life cycle=maturity
|upper lemma quantity=1/2
|upper lemma relief=rugose
|upper lemma texture=indurate
|upper lemma variability=equaling
|upper palea architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|upper palea relief=rugose
|upper palea texture=indurate
|vein life cycle=maturity
|vein presence=absent
|vein shape=not keeled
|vein size=reduced
|whole_organism architecture=rhizomatous
|whole_organism duration=perennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=plant;cespitose
|x chromosome quantity=9
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]