View source for Smilax

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Smilax
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 1028. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 455. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Catbrier;greenbrier;sarsaparilla
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Coprosmanthus
|authority=(Torrey) Kunth
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Nemexia
|authority=Rafinesque
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Smilacaceae;Smilax
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Smilacaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Smilax]]</div></div>
|etymology=ancient Greek name of an evergreen oak
|volume=Volume 26
|mention_page=page 14, 469, 474, 477
|treatment_page=page 468
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form"><b>Shrubs,</b> vines, or herbs;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="rhizome architecture;rhizome architecture;rhizome texture">rhizomes tuberous or stoloniferous, woody;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="root shape">roots filiform.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties=""><b>Stems </b>erect, sprawling or, more often, climbing, simple or branching, unarmed or armed with prickles;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="stem orientation;stem growth form or orientation;stem growth form or orientation;stem growth form;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem texture;stem texture">woody or herbaceous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf duration;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>deciduous or evergreen, alternate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="stipule presence">stipules present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="tendril presence;tendril arrangement">tendrils often present (few or rudimentary in S. hugeri and S. ecirrhata, absent in S. biltmoreana), paired, originating from petioles;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="blade arrangement or course or shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade size;species growth form or texture;base shape">blade linear, oblong, ovate, or, sometimes, reduced to scales in herbaceous species, base sometimes lobed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="inflorescence architecture;inflorescence position;inflorescence architecture or fragility;inflorescence density;inflorescence architecture"><b>Inflorescences </b>umbellate, axillary to leaves or bracts, loose to dense, pedunculate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="flower reproduction"><b>Flowers </b>unisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="tepal quantity;tepal coloration;tepal coloration;tepal coloration;tepal coloration;tepal coloration;tepal shape">tepals 6, greenish, yellow, or bronze, ovate to elliptic;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="flower architecture;stamen quantity;anther fixation;anther dehiscence">staminate flowers sometimes with pistillode, stamens 6, anthers basifixed, dehiscence introrse;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;staminode quantity;style height or length or size;style presence;stigma quantity;stigma orientation;stigma architecture">pistillate flowers with 6 staminodes, style short or absent, stigmas 3, recurved, ligulate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties=""><b>Berries </b>black, blue, purple, red, or orange.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="berry coloration;berry coloration;berry coloration;berry coloration;berry coloration;berry coloration;berry coloration;x chromosome quantity">x = 13–16.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Worldwide in the tropics and subtropics;with extensions into temperate areas
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 350 (20 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The North American herbaceous species of Smilax (numbers 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, and 15 in this treatment) traditionally have been placed in sect. Nemexia (Rafinesque) A. de Candolle. J. K. Mangaly (1968) concluded that the correct name for this group at that rank is sect. Coprosmanthus (Torrey) Bentham. The remaining North American species, all more or less woody, belong to sect. Smilax. The relatively small number of species (20) present in the flora does not warrant the elaboration of an updated subgeneric classification, which should take into account all species of the genus on a worldwide basis.</p><!--
--><p>The leaves of Smilax are very unusual. A. Arber (1918, 1920) believed that the “blade of Smilax is not equivalent to the lamina of a dicotyledon but is merely a ‘pseudolamina’ representing an expansion of the upper region of the petiole.” In this view, tendrils are also proliferations of the petiole and are not homologous to tendrils of dicotyledons. However, D. R. Kaplan (1973) remarked that unifacial monocotyledonous leaves never exhibit a lamina rudiment at the apex, and therefore there is no convincing argument that their apices are simply petiolar. He suggested that the terete leaf axis of monocotyledons is not merely an expanded petiole but is positionally equivalent to the lamina region of a dicotyledonous leaf. Smilax leaves lack an abscission layer, but the distal portion of the petiole undergoes a soft disintegration and the “blade” falls, leaving a rough end on the stub (W. C. Coker 1944).</p><!--
--><p>Smilax has numerous uses. Sarsaparilla, a beverage and medicinal used against rheumatism, is obtained from the rhizomes of various species, mainly from Mexico and Central America. A jelly can be made from the rhizomes. The fleshy rhizomes of several vining species, most notably S. smallii, which have a texture of firm, crisp apples, were used by Native Americans and early settlers in the same manner as were potatoes, or else in making bread or mush. The young, succulent stems of several species are cooked and used as asparagus or the tender stems may be used in salads. Seeds were sometimes used as beads (“Indian coral”) and a brown dye can be made from the roots of various species. Woody rhizomes were reportedly used by Native Americans and settlers in making pipes. Some species have been used in Native American (D. E. Moerman 1986) and folk medicine. All species of Smilax are excellent wildlife food and are also browsed, or the rhizomes dug and eaten, by domestic stock.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Stems annual, herbaceous, without prickles; ovules (1–)2 in each locule.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Stems perennial, woody, usually prickly (especially at base); ovule 1 per locule.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants usually less than 1 m, erect; tendrils few and short or absent; umbels few, mostly axillary to bract.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants greater than 1 m, climbing; tendrils numerous, long, functional; umbels numerous, axillary to leaf.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blades glabrous, glaucous abaxially.
|[[Smilax biltmoreana|Smilax biltmoreana]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blades pubescent, not glaucous abaxially.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaf blades broadly ovate, base cordate, apex acuminate.
|[[Smilax ecirrata|Smilax ecirrata]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaf blades narrowly ovate or elliptic, base mostly rounded, apex broadly rounded, obtuse, or abruptly acute.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaves disposed distally, ± equal; blade oblong, oblong-ovate, or oval; tendrils mostly absent; petiole shorter than blade.
|[[Smilax hugeri|Smilax hugeri]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaves evenly distributed, progressively smaller proximally; blade narrowly ovate; tendrils usually present, but few; petiole usually equaling or longer than blade.
|[[Smilax illinoensis|Smilax illinoensis]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blades pubescent abaxially, with transparent trichomes.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blades glabrous abaxially.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaf blades abaxially dark green, lustrous; petiole ± equaling blade.
|[[Smilax pulverulenta|Smilax pulverulenta]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaf blades abaxially pale green, not lustrous; petiole shorter than blade.
|[[Smilax lasioneura|Smilax lasioneura]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf blades never hastate; tepals 3.5–4.5 mm; anthers much shorter than filaments.
|[[Smilax herbacea|Smilax herbacea]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf blades sometimes hastate; tepals 1.5–2.5 mm; anthers ± equaling filaments.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Plants less than 2 m; leaf blades coriaceous; peduncles (often 3 per axil) shorter than to ca. 1.5 as long as subtending leaf; berry diameter equaling length of pedicel; e United States.
|[[Smilax pseudochina|Smilax pseudochina]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Plants 2–3 m; leaf blades membranous; solitary pistillate umbel with peduncle longer than subtending leaf, staminate with peduncle equaling subtending leaf; berry diameter much less than length of pedicel; nw California.
|[[Smilax jamesii|Smilax jamesii]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Stems densely pubescent; leaf blades densely pubescent abaxially; fruit red, apex pointed.
|[[Smilax pumila|Smilax pumila]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Stems glabrous (except for prickles); leaf blades glabrous or minutely pubescent abaxially; fruit red, orange, black, or purple, globose, ovoid, or flattened.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf blades abaxially silvery to grayish, glaucous.
|[[Smilax glauca|Smilax glauca]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf blades abaxially green, not glaucous.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Peduncle 1.5 or more times as long as petiole of subtending leaf.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Peduncle less than 1.5 times as long as petiole of subtending leaf.
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaf blade margins with thickened, cartilaginous band, often revolute and appearing as prominent vein parallel to margins, entire to remotely spinose-ciliate, frequently lobed at base; prickles rigid, broad-based; leaves drying to uniform tan.
|[[Smilax bona-nox|Smilax bona-nox]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaf blade margins thin, flat, without cartilaginous band, uniformly minutely serrulate in lower half or entire, never lobed; prickles flexible, bristlelike; leaves drying to dull ashy green.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Leaf blade margins minutely serrulate in basal half; e United States.
|[[Smilax tamnoides|Smilax tamnoides]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Leaf blade margins entire; California, Oregon.
|[[Smilax californica|Smilax californica]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Leaf blade margins spinose-dentate, teeth firm, spiny, or margins sometimes entire with thick edges; s Florida including the Keys.
|[[Smilax havanensis|Smilax havanensis]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Leaf blade margins entire to lobed basally, without teeth or thick edges; widely distributed.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Leaves deciduous or partially evergreen; blade ovate, ovate-oblong, narrowly ovate, suborbicular, or reniform, base rounded to cordate.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Leaves evergreen; blade oblong, oblong-lanceolate, oblong-linear, lance-ovate, or narrowly ovate, base cuneate to attenuate (sometimes rounded in S. laurifolia).
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Fruit bright red to orange; perianth brownish yellow; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate to ovate-oblong; in mud or shallow water.
|[[Smilax walteri|Smilax walteri]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Fruit black to blue; perianth yellowish green to bronze; leaf blades usually ovate to broadly ovate; dry sites.
|[[Smilax rotundifolia|Smilax rotundifolia]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Distal leaf blades usually less than 5 cm, base auriculate, pandurate, or rounded.
|[[Smilax auriculata|Smilax auriculata]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Distal leaf blades (5–)7+ cm, base unlobed.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Leaf blades lanceolate-ovate to narrowly ovate, prominently reticulate, often variegated, 5-veined from base, apex gradually narrowed, acute, or acuminate.
|[[Smilax smallii|Smilax smallii]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Leaf blades linear, oblong, lance-oblong, or narrowly elliptic, sometimes broadly ovate, not prominently reticulate, 3-veined from base, apex abruptly narrowed to acute point or rounded.
|[[Smilax laurifolia|Smilax laurifolia]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Smilax
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Coprosmanthus;Nemexia
|basionyms=
|family=Smilacaceae
|distribution=Worldwide in the tropics and subtropics;with extensions into temperate areas
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V26/V26_979.xml
|genus=Smilax
|anther dehiscence=introrse
|anther fixation=basifixed
|base shape=lobed
|berry coloration=orange;red;orange;red;purple;blue;black
|blade arrangement or course or shape=linear
|blade shape=ovate;oblong
|blade size=reduced
|flower architecture=pistillate;staminate
|flower reproduction=unisexual
|inflorescence architecture=pedunculate;umbellate
|inflorescence architecture or fragility=loose
|inflorescence density=dense
|inflorescence position=axillary
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf duration=evergreen;deciduous
|rhizome architecture=stoloniferous;tuberous
|rhizome texture=woody
|root shape=filiform
|species growth form or texture=herbaceous
|stamen quantity=6
|staminode quantity=6
|stem architecture=armed;unarmed;branching;simple;armed;unarmed;branching;simple
|stem growth form=climbing
|stem growth form or orientation=,;sprawling
|stem orientation=erect
|stem texture=herbaceous;woody
|stigma architecture=ligulate
|stigma orientation=recurved
|stigma quantity=3
|stipule presence=absent
|style height or length or size=short
|style presence=absent
|tendril arrangement=paired
|tendril presence=absent
|tepal coloration=bronze;yellow;bronze;yellow;greenish
|tepal quantity=6
|tepal shape=ovate;elliptic
|whole_organism growth form=herb;vine;shrub
|x chromosome quantity=13;16
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Smilacaceae]]