View source for Spartina

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Spartina
|accepted_authority=Schreb.
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Spartina
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spartina]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 25
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 240
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;base shape;base architecture">cespitose from knotty bases or rhizomatous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="culm some measurement;culm orientation;culm shape;culm architecture or arrangement or growth form;culm architecture or arrangement or growth form;clump size"><b>Culms </b>10-350 cm, erect, terete, solitary or in small to large clumps.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf position"><b>Leaves </b>mostly cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="sheath architecture;sheath architecture or pubescence or relief;sheath coloration or pubescence or relief">sheaths open, smooth, sometimes striate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="ligule texture;ligule architecture or pubescence or shape;cilium length or size;base texture">ligules membranous, ciliate, cilia longer than the membranous bases;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape">blades flat or involute.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence some measurement;branch quantity;branch shape;branch fixation;rachis shape"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, usually exceeding the upper leaves, 3-70 cm, panicles of 1-75 spikelike branches attached to an elongate rachis;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="branch arrangement;branch arrangement;branch arrangement;branch arrangement;branch arrangement;branch arrangement;branch fixation or orientation;branch arrangement;lower side quantity">branches racemosely arranged, alternate, opposite, or whorled, appressed to strongly divergent, axes 3-sided, spikelets usually sessile on the 2 lower sides, usually divergent to strongly divergent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="spikelet architecture;spikelet arrangement">disarticulation beneath the glumes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="spikelet shape;floret quantity"><b>Spikelets </b>laterally compressed, with 1 floret.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="glume size;glume shape"><b>Glumes </b>unequal, strongly keeled;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="lower glume height or length or size;lower glume architecture">lower glumes shorter than the florets, 1-veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="upper glume length or size;upper glume architecture">upper glumes usually longer than the florets, 1-6-veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="lemma height or length or size;lemma architecture;midvein shape;lateral-vein prominence">lemmas shorter than the paleas, 1-3-veined, midveins keeled, lateral-veins usually obscure;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="palea width;palea texture;palea architecture;palea shape">paleas thin, papery, 2-veined, obscurely keeled;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="anther quantity">anthers 3;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="lodicule presence;lodicule architecture or shape">lodicules sometimes present, truncate, vascularized;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="style quantity;style shape">styles 2, plumose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="x chromosome quantity"><b>Caryopses </b>rarely produced, x = 10.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;W.Va.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;B.C.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Idaho;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Ala.;Miss.;Nev.;Puerto Rico;Colo.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Man.;Minn.;Ohio;Oreg.;Md.;Utah;Mo.;Mich.;Mont.;Alta.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Ky.
|discussion=<p>Spartina is a genus of 15-17 species, most of which grow in moist to wet, saline habitats, both coastal and interior. Reproduction of all the species is almost entirely vegetative.</p><!--
--><p>There are nine native and two introduced species in the Flora region, plus three hybrids, one of which is native, the other two being deliberate introductions. One of the introduced species, 5. maritima, grows in both Europe and at a few locations in Africa; the African populations may also represent introductions.</p><!--
--><p>On the eastern seaboard of North America, the native species of Spartina extend as far north as Nova Scotia, but the few species native to the western seaboard do not extend north of California. Two species, S. alterniflora and S. densiflora, have, however, become established as far north as Washington and now threaten the health of many coastal salt marshes and mud flats (see http://www.spartina.org/ or http://www.wwta.org/environ/environ_topics.htm).</p><!--
--><p>Mobberley (1956), on whose work this treatment is based, described three groups within Spartina, but did not give them formal recognition. Most of the species in the Flora region belong to his third group, which he characterized as having hard culms, scabrous leaf margins, more or less divergent inflorescence branches, usually closely imbricate spikelets, and hispid keels on their glumes and lemmas. Spartina alterniflora and S. foliosa belong to Mobberley's second group, the species of which have rather thick, succulent culms, glabrous blades with smooth margins, and less closely imbricate spikelets than in the other two groups. Spartina spartinae is the only species of his first group to grow in the Flora region. Like other members of the group, it has hard, slender culms, numerous short, closely imbricate inflorescence branches, spikelets that are hispid or villous, at least on the keels of the glumes, and no rhizomes.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=conservancy2002b
|text=Coastal Conservancy. 2002. Invasive Spartina project, http://www.spartina.org/
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kartesz1999a
|text=Kartesz, J. and C.A. Meacham. 1999. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0 (CD-ROM). North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=mobberley1956a
|text=Mobberley, D.G. 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 30:471-574
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=spicher1985a
|text=Spicher, D. and M. Joselyn. 1985. Spartina (Gramineae) in northern California: Distribution and taxonomic notes. Madrono 32:158-167.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blades with smooth or slightly scabrous margins.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Panicles branches 2-8 cm long, usually closely appressed and often twisted, the lower branches evidently less closely imbricate than the upper branches; glumes usually curved; plants of California and Baja California, Mexico
|[[Spartina foliosa|Spartina foliosa]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Panicle branches 2-24 cm long, usually loosely appressed or divergent, usually not twisted, lower and upper branches more or less equally imbricate; glumes straight; plants of varied distribution, including California and Baja California, Mexico.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Glumes usually mostly glabrous on the sides, sometimes with appressed hairs; panicles with 3-25 branches
|[[Spartina alterniflora|Spartina alterniflora]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Glumes usually with appressed hairs on the sides, the margins sometimes glabrous; panicles with 1-12 branches.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Ligules 2-3 mm long; anthers 5-13 mm long, well-filled, dehiscent at maturity
|[[Spartina anglica|Spartina anglica]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Ligules 0.2-1.8 mm long; anthers 3-10 mm long, sometimes poorly filled and indehiscent at maturity.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Ligules 0.2-0.6 mm long; leaf blades 6-12 cm long; anthers 3-6.5 mm long, well-filled, dehiscent at maturity
|[[Spartina maritima|Spartina maritima]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Ligules 1-1.8 mm long; leaf blades 6-30 cm long; anthers 5-10 mm long, poorly filled and indehiscent at maturity
|[[Spartina xtownsendii|Spartina xtownsendii]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blades with strongly scabrous margins.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Panicles smooth in outline, with (6)15-75 tightly appressed panicle branches; branches 0.5-4(7) cm long; plants without rhizomes
|[[Spartina spartinae|Spartina spartinae]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Panicles not smooth in outline, with 2-67 tightly appressed to strongly divergent branches; branches 1-15 cm; plants with more than 15 panicle branches always strongly rhizomatous, those with less than 16 branches with or without rhizomes.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants without rhizomes or the rhizomes short; culms usually clumped; panicle branches 2-16.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Upper glumes 1-veined
|[[Spartina densiflora|Spartina densiflora]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Upper glumes 3-4-veined.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Spikelets 6-9 mm long; culms to 200 cm tall; plants of the southeastern United States
|[[Spartina bakeri|Spartina bakeri]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Spikelets 10-17 mm long; culms to 120 cm tall; plants of the northeastern United States
|[[Spartina xcaespitosa|Spartina xcaespitosa]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants with well-developed rhizomes; culms usually solitary, sometimes a few together; panicle branches 3-67.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Rhizomes whitish; upper glumes 1-veined or with all lateral veins on the same side of the keels; panicles with 2-15 branches, the branches 1-9 cm long.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Spikelets 6-11 mm long, ovate to lanceolate; inland plants of western North America, rarely found east of Lake Winnipeg and the Mississippi Valley
|[[Spartina gracilis|Spartina gracilis]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Spikelets 7-17 mm long, linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; usually coastal, also known from a few inland sites in northeastern North America.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Spikelets 7-12 mm long; blade of the second leaf below the panicles 0.5-4(7) mm wide; plants of disturbed and undisturbed coastal habitats from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico and, as an introduction, on the west coast of North America
|[[Spartina patens|Spartina patens]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Spikelets 10-17 mm long; blade of the second leaf below the panicles 2-7 mm wide; plants of disturbed habitats and artificial wetlands from Maine to Maryland
|[[Spartina xcaespitosa|Spartina xcaespitosa]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Rhizomes light brown to brownish-purple; upper glumes 1-veined or with lateral veins on either side of the keels; panicles with 3-67 branches, the branches 1.5-15 cm long.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Blade of the second leaf below the panicles 2-5(7) mm wide, usually involute even when fresh; panicles with 3-9 branches, the branches 3-9 cm long
|[[Spartina xcaespitosa|Spartina xcaespitosa]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Blade of the second leaf below the panicles 5-14 mm wide, flat when fresh; panicles with 5-67 branches, the branches 1.5-15 cm long.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Lower glumes 3/4 as long as to equaling the adjacent lemmas; upper glumes awned, the awns 3-8 mm, with glabrous, rarely hispid, lateral veins
|[[Spartina pectinata|Spartina pectinata]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Lower glumes less than 1/2 as long to 2/3 as long as the adjacent lemmas; upper glumes unawned or with awns up to 2 mm long, usually with hispid lateral veins
|[[Spartina cynosuroides|Spartina cynosuroides]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Spartina
|author=Mary E. Barkworth;
|authority=Schreb.
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;W.Va.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;B.C.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Idaho;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Ala.;Miss.;Nev.;Puerto Rico;Colo.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Man.;Minn.;Ohio;Oreg.;Md.;Utah;Mo.;Mich.;Mont.;Alta.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Ky.
|reference=conservancy2002b;kartesz1999a;mobberley1956a;spicher1985a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V25/V25_852.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae
|genus=Spartina
|anther quantity=3
|base architecture=rhizomatous
|base shape=knotty
|base texture=membranous
|blade shape=involute;flat
|branch arrangement=divergent;whorled;opposite;whorled;opposite;alternate;arranged
|branch fixation=attached
|branch fixation or orientation=appressed
|branch quantity=1;75
|branch shape=spikelike
|cilium length or size=longer
|clump size=small;large
|culm architecture or arrangement or growth form=in small to large clumps;solitary
|culm orientation=erect
|culm shape=terete
|culm some measurement=10cm;350cm
|floret quantity=1
|glume shape=keeled
|glume size=unequal
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|inflorescence some measurement=3cm;70cm
|lateral-vein prominence=obscure
|leaf position=cauline
|lemma architecture=1-3-veined
|lemma height or length or size=shorter
|ligule architecture or pubescence or shape=ciliate
|ligule texture=membranous
|lodicule architecture or shape=truncate
|lodicule presence=absent
|lower glume architecture=1-veined
|lower glume height or length or size=shorter
|lower side quantity=2
|midvein shape=keeled
|palea architecture=2-veined
|palea shape=keeled
|palea texture=papery
|palea width=thin
|rachis shape=elongate
|sheath architecture=open
|sheath architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|sheath coloration or pubescence or relief=striate
|spikelet architecture=sessile
|spikelet arrangement=usually divergent;strongly divergent
|spikelet shape=compressed
|style quantity=2
|style shape=plumose
|upper glume architecture=1-6-veined
|upper glume length or size=usually longer
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=plant;cespitose
|x chromosome quantity=10
}}<!--

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