View source for Spergularia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Spergularia
|accepted_authority=(Persoon) J. Presl & C. Presl
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Fl. ech.,
|place=94. 1819
|year=1819
}}
|common_names=Sand-spurrey;spergulaire
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Arenaria subg. Spergularia
|authority=Persoon
|rank=subgenus
|publication_title=Syn. Pl.
|publication_place=1: 504. 1805
}}
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Delia
|authority=Dumortier
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Lepigonum
|authority=Wahlenberg
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Caryophyllaceae;Caryophyllaceae subfam. Polycarpoideae;Spergularia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Caryophyllaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Caryophyllaceae subfam. Polycarpoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spergularia]]</div></div>
|etymology=genus name Spergula, and Latin -aria, pertaining to
|volume=Volume 5
|mention_page=page 6, 9, 17, 19, 21
|treatment_page=page 16
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;caudex architecture;caudex texture"><b>Herbs,</b> annual or strongly perennial with branched, woody caudex.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="taproot shape;taproot fragility or size"><b>Taproots </b>filiform to stout.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem shape;stem texture"><b>Stems </b>erect to sprawling, simple to freely branching distally or throughout, terete, sometimes woody.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf position;leaf arrangement;leaf fusion;leaf architecture;leaf presence"><b>Leaves </b>opposite, axillary clusters of leaves often present, distinct, sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="stipule quantity;stipule coloration;stipule shape;stipule shape;margin architecture or shape;apex architecture or shape">stipules 2 per node, white to tan, lanceolate and acuminate to widely triangular, margins entire, apex entire to variously split;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade architecture;blade shape;blade texture;apex shape">blade 1-veined, threadlike to linear, mostly succulent, apex acute to acuminate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="inflorescence architecture;inflorescence quantity;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form;flower position"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal cymes, branching symmetrically or to 1 side (monochasium), simple to 8+-compound or sometimes flowers solitary and axillary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="bract arrangement;bract quantity;bract size;bract architecture;margin texture">bracts usually paired or sometimes single, smaller, foliaceous, distalmost sometimes with scarious margins.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="pedicel orientation;pedicel orientation;pedicel orientation;pedicel orientation;pedicel orientation"><b>Pedicels </b>ascending to erect, divergently spreading, reflexed, or arching downward in fruit.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="perianth position;perianth position;androecium position;androecium position"><b>Flowers:</b> perianth and androecium hypogynous, briefly perigynous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="hypanthium shape;hypanthium shape;hypanthium size">hypanthium dish or cupshaped, not abruptly expanded distally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="sepal fusion;sepal coloration;sepal shape;sepal some measurement;sepal growth form or texture;margin texture;apex shape">sepals connate in proximal 1/5, green, lanceolate to ovate, 0.9–8 mm, herbaceous, margins scarious, apex acute to obtuse;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="petal quantity;petal coloration;blade apex architecture or shape">petals 5, white to pink, blade apex entire;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="filament arrangement;sepal arrangement">nectaries as lateral expansion of bases of filaments opposite sepals;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen orientation">stamens 1–10, arising from rim of hypanthium;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="filament fusion">filaments distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="style quantity;style fusion;style fusion;style shape;style some measurement;style pubescence">styles 3, distinct or nearly so, filiform, 0.2–3 mm, glabrous proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="stigma quantity;stigma arrangement or course or shape;stigma relief;stigma quantity">stigmas 3, linear along adaxial surface of styles, obscurely papillate (30×).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="capsule shape;valve quantity;valve orientation;tip orientation"><b>Capsules </b>ovoid, opening by 3 spreading valves with recurved tips;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="carpophore presence">carpophore absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="seed quantity;seed coloration;seed coloration;seed coloration;seed arrangement or shape;seed size;seed shape;seed relief;seed architecture;seed architecture;seed texture;seed shape;marginal wing presence"><b>Seeds </b>30–150+, light to dark-brown, reddish-brown, or black, circular to angular, plump or laterally compressed, smooth to variously sculptured to papillate, complete or partial, membranous, laciniate, marginal wing often present, appendage absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="appendage presence;x chromosome quantity">x = 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Coastal and saline areas;w North America (including Mexico);Central America;w South America;Europe (Mediterranean region);Africa (Mediterranean region)
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 60 (11 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>We follow the species order of R. P. Rossbach (1940). While there have been attempts to define species groups, and sections have been described, all such efforts focus only on European-Mediterranean taxa, ignoring the many taxa endemic to South America. Likewise, the major breaks in the key to species follow Rossbach’s revision. Attempts to construct a key independent of habit were not successful; Spergularia is a difficult genus in which emphasis on seed characters appears necessary.</p><!--
--><p>Spergularia is included in the first list of nomina genericorum conservanda published in 1905, conserved against Buda and Tissa. This action most likely occurred as a result of bickering between J. Britten and N. L. Britton in 1888–1890 about usage of the genera that Adanson had erected for Spergularia species with ten and five stamens respectively; see J. Britten (1890) for a summary of the arguments.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=rossbach1940a
|text=Rossbach, R. P. 1940. Spergularia in North and South America. Rhodora 42: 57–83, 105–143, 158–193, 203–213.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants strongly perennial, base woody; stamens 7-10
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants annual or short-lived perennial, base not woody; stamens 1-10
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Seeds 0.4-0.5 mm; sepal lobes 2.5-4 mm, to 5 mm in fruit; styles 0.4-0.6 mm
|[[Spergularia villosa|Spergularia villosa]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Seeds (0.6-)0.7-1.2 mm; sepal lobes 4.5-7 mm, to 8 mm in fruit; styles 0.6-3 mm
|[[Spergularia macrotheca|Spergularia macrotheca]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Seeds black, not papillate
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Seeds light to dark brown or reddish brown, if nearly black, seeds covered with gland-tipped papillae
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Seeds 0.6-0.8 mm, broadly ovate, often with iridescent tinge, sculpturing of parallel, wavy lines; stipules 1-2.5 mm
|[[Spergularia atrosperma|Spergularia atrosperma]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Seeds 0.4-0.6 mm, pyriform, often with silvery, not iridescent, tinge, sculpturing of low, elongate tubercles; stipules 1.5-2 mm
|[[Spergularia diandra|Spergularia diandra]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Stamens 6-10
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Stamens 1-5
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Seeds 0.8-1.1 mm, ± smooth, not papillate, usually winged; capsules usually (4.5-)5.5-8 mm; plants stout; main stems usually 1-4 mm diam. proximally; leaf blades markedly fleshy
|[[Spergularia media|Spergularia media]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Seeds 0.4-0.6 mm, roughened or variously sculptured, papillate, not winged; capsules 2.8-5.4 mm; plants ± delicate; main stems usually 0.3-1 mm diam. proximally; leaf blades scarcely to somewhat fleshy
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Axillary leaves 2-4+ per cluster, blade scarcely fleshy; seeds reddish brown to dark brown; stipules lanceolate, apex ± long-acuminate, shiny white, conspicuous
|[[Spergularia rubra|Spergularia rubra]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Axillary leaves absent or 1-2 per cluster, blade at least moderately fleshy; seeds light brown; stipules mostly deltate, apex acute to short-acuminate, dull white to tan, usually inconspicuous
|[[Spergularia bocconi|Spergularia bocconi]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Seeds 0.9-1.4 mm; capsules (1.2-)1.5-2 times as long as sepals.
|[[Spergularia canadensis|Spergularia canadensis]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Seeds 0.3-0.7(-0.8) mm; capsules 0.9-1.5 times as long as sepals
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Plants glabrous; capsules 1.4-2.6 mm; sepal lobes 0.9-1.6 mm, to 2 mm in fruit; seeds 0.3-0.4 mm
|[[Spergularia platensis|Spergularia platensis]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Plants with stalked glands in inflorescence or throughout; capsules 2.8-6.4 mm; sepals lobes 1.8-4.5 mm, to 4.8 mm in fruit; seeds 0.5-0.7(-0.8) mm
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Seeds dull, not silver tinged, ± smooth; stipules longer than wide; styles 0.4-0.7 mm
|[[Spergularia salina|Spergularia salina]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Seeds shiny, silver tinged, slightly roughened; stipules shorter than wide; styles 0.3-0.4 mm
|[[Spergularia echinosperma|Spergularia echinosperma]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Spergularia
|author=Ronald L. Hartman;Richard K. Rabeler
|authority=(Persoon) J. Presl & C. Presl
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subfamily
|synonyms=Delia;Lepigonum
|basionyms=Arenaria subg. Spergularia
|family=Caryophyllaceae
|illustrator=Barbara Alongi
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=Coastal and saline areas;w North America (including Mexico);Central America;w South America;Europe (Mediterranean region);Africa (Mediterranean region)
|reference=rossbach1940a
|publication title=Fl. ech.,
|publication year=1819
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V5/V5_20.xml
|subfamily=Caryophyllaceae subfam. Polycarpoideae
|genus=Spergularia
|androecium position=perigynous;hypogynous
|apex architecture or shape=entire
|apex shape=acute;obtuse
|appendage presence=absent
|blade apex architecture or shape=entire
|blade architecture=1-veined
|blade shape=threadlike;linear
|blade texture=succulent
|bract architecture=foliaceous
|bract arrangement=paired
|bract quantity=single
|bract size=smaller
|capsule shape=ovoid
|carpophore presence=absent
|caudex architecture=branched
|caudex texture=woody
|filament arrangement=opposite
|filament fusion=distinct
|flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|flower position=axillary
|hypanthium shape=cup-shaped;dish
|hypanthium size=expanded
|inflorescence architecture=0-8+-compound;simple;branching
|inflorescence quantity=0;1
|leaf architecture=sessile
|leaf arrangement=cluster;opposite
|leaf fusion=distinct
|leaf position=axillary
|leaf presence=absent
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|margin texture=scarious;scarious
|marginal wing presence=absent
|pedicel orientation=downward;ascending;erect divergently spreading reflexed or arching
|perianth position=perigynous;hypogynous
|petal coloration=white;pink
|petal quantity=5
|seed architecture=partial;complete
|seed arrangement or shape=circular;angular
|seed coloration=light;dark-brown reddish-brown or black
|seed quantity=30;150
|seed relief=smooth;variously sculptured
|seed shape=laciniate;compressed
|seed size=plump
|seed texture=membranous
|sepal arrangement=opposite
|sepal coloration=green
|sepal fusion=connate
|sepal growth form or texture=herbaceous
|sepal shape=lanceolate;ovate
|sepal some measurement=0.9mm;8mm
|stamen orientation=arising
|stamen quantity=1;10
|stem architecture=simple;freely branching
|stem orientation=erect;sprawling
|stem shape=terete
|stem texture=woody
|stigma arrangement or course or shape=linear
|stigma quantity=[30;3
|stigma relief=papillate
|stipule coloration=white;tan
|stipule quantity=2
|stipule shape=acuminate;widely triangular
|style fusion=nearly;distinct
|style pubescence=glabrous
|style quantity=3
|style shape=filiform
|style some measurement=0.2mm;3mm
|taproot fragility or size=stout
|taproot shape=filiform
|tip orientation=recurved
|valve orientation=spreading
|valve quantity=3
|whole_organism duration=perennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|x chromosome quantity=9
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Caryophyllaceae subfam. Polycarpoideae]]