View source for Sphagnum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Sphagnum
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 1106. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 487. 1754 ,
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Sphagnaceae;Sphagnum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Sphagnaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Sphagnum]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek sphagnos, an unknown plant
|volume=Volume 27
|mention_page=page 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;stem orientation;branch life cycle;branch arrangement;apex arrangement or growth form;branch arrangement or growth form;bud shape;bud shape;bud shape;bud coloration;bud size or width;bud arrangement or course or shape;bud architecture;bud coloration;bud texture;bud architecture"><b>Plants </b>typically with upright stems, young branches arranged spirally around stem at growing apex into a capitulum, branches clustered into fascicles along stem, stem and branch leaves of alternating inflated, S-shaped to rhomboid hyaline cells and narrow linear chlorophyllous cells, hyaline cells typically fibrillose and porose on branch leaves.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="protonemum architecture;gametophyte development"><b>Protonema </b>typically 1-stratose, gametophyte developing from lateral margin.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem variability;bud architecture;bud architecture;cortical architecture;bud architecture;layer quantity;bud architecture;bud shape;bud quantity;superficial layer architecture"><b>Stems </b>differentiated into a central cylinder of thin-walled parenchymatous cells, merging into a cylinder of thick-walled cortical cells surrounded by 0–4 layers of thin-walled inflated cells, superficial layer of cells usually aporose, but may porose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="stem-leaf texture;stem-leaf architecture;stem-leaf architecture;stem-leaf architecture;border fusion;border variability;bud size or width;bud arrangement or course or shape;bud architecture;branch leaf size;branch leaf character;branch leaf character;branch leaf character;branch leaf size;branch leaf character;branch leaf character;branch leaf character;form architecture;form architecture;form architecture"><b>Stem-</b>leaves may less fibrillose or efibrillose and less porose or aporose than the branch leaves, often septate, a distinct border of narrow linear chlorophyllous cells often along margins and at base, and with a greater width: length ratio than branch leaves in anisophyllous forms, partly differentiated in hemiisophyllous forms, and identical in isophyllous forms.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="branch growth form;branch orientation;branch orientation;branch variability;branch orientation;branch size;stem position relational"><b>Branches </b>typically dimorphic as spreading and pendent branches, but some species lack branches or branches not clearly differentiated, pendent branches typically more slender than spreading branches and with a tendency to adhere to and cover the stem.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="branch arrangement;branch quantity;branch orientation;branch quantity;branch orientation;branch atypical quantity;branch quantity"><b>Branch </b>fascicles typically with 2 spreading and 1–2 pendent branches, but there may up to 12 (–14) per fascicle.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="retort bud shape"><b>Branch </b>stems typically green, with a superficial layer of inflated retort cells;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="branch stem coloration;branch stem arrangement;distal end architecture or arrangement or growth form;distal end architecture;neck prominence;neck prominence">these grouped or solitary, usually porose at the distal end with a conspicuous or inconspicuous neck.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="bud arrangement;bud architecture;bud coloration"><b>Branch </b>leaves with 2/5 phyllotaxy, of a 1-stratose network of alternating chlorophyllous and hyaline cells;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="bud coloration;bud shape;bud shape;bud fragility;bud shape;fibril prominence;fibril arrangement or course;fibril size;pore relief;surface shape;surface shape">hyaline cells usually S-shaped, rarely rhomboid, nearly always strengthened with conspicuous spiral fibrils, small to large, round to elliptic and sometimes ringed pores occur along commissures or rarely on cell lumen, convex surface typically with more pores per cell than concave surface;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="bud architecture;bud prominence;surface prominence;wall projection prominence">chlorophyllous cells may enclosed on both surfaces, more broadly exposed on one surface or equally exposed on both surfaces as viewed in transverse-section, adjacent cell-walls typically smooth, but various types of cell wall projections may clearly visible in transverse-section.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="cell-wall arrangement;cell-wall architecture or pubescence or relief;cell-wall variability;cell-wall reproduction;cell-wall reproduction;cell-wall reproduction"><b>Sexual </b>condition dioicous or monoicous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="antheridium architecture;antheridium shape;tip shape;tip coloration">stalked globose antheridia borne at the tips of branches usually with swollen colored tips of branches near capitulum;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="archegonium architecture;archegonium length or size;branch height or length or size">long-necked archegonia borne on short branches singly surrounded by perichaetial leaves that typically longer than branch leaves.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="capsule shape;capsule coloration;annulus quantity;peristome quantity;operculum shape"><b>Capsule </b>spherical, brown to black, lacking an annulus or peristome with a operculum convex;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="spore sac derivation;columella character;columella orientation">spore sac amphithecial in origin, over-arching columella.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="calyptra texture"><b>Calyptra </b>membranous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="spore shape;spore width;mark prominence;mark architecture;superficial surface relief"><b>Spores </b>tetrahedral, with prominent trilete mark, fine to coarse superficial surface, distal surface may have raised Y-mark, bifurcated Y-mark sculpture, or none.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Worldwide except Antarctica;primarily in boreal regions but also in cool;moist montane and oceanic habitats such as nutrient-poor and acidic wetlands and mires
|discussion=<p>Species 285 (89 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The concept of species in Sphagnum is controversial. We have followed P. Isoviita (1966) and K. I. Flatberg (1994) in the recognition of species. H. A. Crum (1984) and others (R. E. Daniels and A. Eddy 1985; A. L. Andrews 1958, 1959) have adopted more conservative taxonomic concepts for species in the Northern Hemisphere. Description of the spores above is from Cao T. and D. H. Vitt (1986); for additional discussion of the protonema see C. B. McQueen (1988).</p><!--
--><p>Microscopic features can be observed by using a concentrated aqueous or alcohol solution of Crystal Violet. A 50% solution of alcohol and Methylene Blue or Safranin Red can be used, but these usually do not stain features such as minute pores, fibrils, wall thinnings, and surface sculpture on the chlorophyllous cells. The number and kinds of branches should be determined, individual stem and branch leaves (from the middle of a spreading branch) should be examined from the distal 2 cm of the plant, and the superficial surface of stem cortical cells as well as cross sections of branch leaves and stems may need examination.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=crum1984a
|text=Crum, H. A. 1984. Sphagnaceae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora.... 47+ vols. New York. Ser. 2, part 11.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=crum1986a
|text=Crum, H. A. 1986. Sphagnaceae. In: G. S. Mogensen, ed. Illustrated moss flora of arctic North America and Greenland. 2. Meddel. Grønland, Biosci. 18: 1–61.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=daniels1985a
|text=Daniels, R. E. and A. Eddy. 1985. Handbook of European Sphagna. Huntingdon.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=flatberg2002a
|text=Flatberg, K. I. 2002. The Norwegian Sphagna: A Field Colour Guide. Trondheim.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=isoviita1966a
|text=Isoviita, P. 1966. Studies on Sphagnum L. 1. Nomenclatural revision of the European taxa. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 3: 199–264.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=nyholm1954a
|text=Nyholm, E. 1954–1969. Illustrated Moss Flora of Fennoscandia II: Musci. Lund. Pp. 647–799.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=queen1990a
|text=McQueen, C. B. 1990. Field Guide to the Peat Mosses of Boreal North America. London.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Outer stem cortical cell walls reinforced with spiral fibrils.
|[[Sphagnum sect. Sphagnum|Sphagnum sect. Sphagnum]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Outer stem cortical cell walls smooth
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Outer cortical cells of branches nearly all porose at distal end; branch leaves with denticulate margins and bordered with resorption furrow.
|[[Sphagnum sect. Rigida|Sphagnum sect. Rigida]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Outer cortical cells of branches of two kinds, smaller aporose cells and larger retort-shaped cells with pore at apical end; branch leaf margins usually entire
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Fascicles of 7 or more branches.
|[[Sphagnum sect. Polyclada|Sphagnum sect. Polyclada]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Fascicles of 6 or fewer branches
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Branch leaf hyaline cells efibrillose, but see S. splendens in sect. Cuspidata
|[[Sphagnum sect. Isocladus|Sphagnum sect. Isocladus]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Branch leaf hyaline cells fibrillose
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Branch and stem leaves isophyllous; branches in fascicles of 2-3, spreading and pendent branches similar, or plants may have single or no branches; hyaline cells of branch leaves usually with numerous pores along the commissures, giving a bead-like appearance; chlorophyllous cells of branch leaves in transverse section barrel-shaped, truncate-elliptic to trapezoidal, exposed equally on both surfaces or slightly broader on the convex surface.
|[[Sphagnum sect. Subsecunda|Sphagnum sect. Subsecunda]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Branch and stem leaves usually anisophyllous; 3-6 branches per fascicle, spreading branches clearly differentiated from pendent branches; hyaline cells of branch leaves with scattered pores along the commissures or free; chlorophyllous cells of branch leaves in transverse section triangular, truncate-trapezoidal to elliptical and may be more broadly exposed on either surface
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Branch leaf chlorophyllous cells triangular to trapezoidal, exposed much more broadly on concave or convex surface
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Branch leaf chlorophyllous cells lenticular, truncate-elliptic to trapezoidal; exposed more or less equally on both surfaces or slightly more broadly on convex surface
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Chlorophyllous cells of branch leaves triangular to trapezoidal in transverse section, more broadly exposed on the convex surface; in plants with stellate capitula, the branches between the rays of the capitulum occur in pairs; stem leaves often hanging downward on the stem.
|[[Sphagnum sect. Cuspidata|Sphagnum sect. Cuspidata]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Chlorophyllous cells of branch leaves triangular to trapezoidal in transverse section, more broadly exposed on the concave surface; in plants with stellate capitula, the branches between the rays of the capitulum single; stem leaves upright on the stem
|[[Sphagnum sect. Acutifolia|Sphagnum sect. Acutifolia]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Stem leaves with apex broad and fimbriate; branch leaves often squarrose from an enlarged clasping base; interior surface of chlorophyllous cells often finely papillose.
|[[Sphagnum sect. Squarrosa|Sphagnum sect. Squarrosa]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Stem leaves with apex obtuse and entire to erose; branch leaves straight, slightly subsecund, or slightly recurved; interior surface of chlorophyllous cells always smooth
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Branch leaves with broad truncate toothed apex, hyaline cells.. with pores in cell ends and angles
|[[Sphagnum sect. Insulosa|Sphagnum sect. Insulosa]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Branch leaves with rounded, untoothed or weakly toothed apex, hyaline cells on convex surface with numerous pores along commissures or free
|[[Sphagnum sect. Subsecunda|Sphagnum sect. Subsecunda]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Sphagnum
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Sphagnaceae
|distribution=Worldwide except Antarctica;primarily in boreal regions but also in cool;moist montane and oceanic habitats such as nutrient-poor and acidic wetlands and mires
|reference=crum1984a;crum1986a;daniels1985a;flatberg2002a;isoviita1966a;nyholm1954a;queen1990a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V27/V27_6.xml
|genus=Sphagnum
|annulus quantity=lacking
|antheridium architecture=stalked
|antheridium shape=globose
|apex arrangement or growth form=clustered
|archegonium architecture=long-necked
|archegonium length or size=typically longer
|border fusion=distinct
|border variability=differentiated
|branch arrangement=fascicles;arranged
|branch arrangement or growth form=clustered
|branch atypical quantity=12;14
|branch growth form=dimorphic
|branch height or length or size=short
|branch leaf character=ratio;length;width;ratio;length;width
|branch leaf size=greater;greater
|branch life cycle=young
|branch orientation=pendent;spreading;pendent;pendent;spreading
|branch quantity=0;12
|branch size=more slender
|branch stem arrangement=grouped
|branch stem coloration=green
|branch variability=differentiated
|bud architecture=chlorophyllous;chlorophyllous;chlorophyllous;thin-walled;thick-walled;parenchymatous;thin-walled;porose;chlorophyllous
|bud arrangement=alternating
|bud arrangement or course or shape=linear;linear
|bud coloration=hyaline;hyaline;hyaline;hyaline
|bud fragility=strengthened
|bud prominence=exposed
|bud quantity=0;4
|bud shape=round;elliptic
|bud size or width=narrow;narrow
|bud texture=fibrillose
|calyptra texture=membranous
|capsule coloration=brown;black
|capsule shape=spherical
|cell-wall architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|cell-wall arrangement=adjacent
|cell-wall reproduction=monoicous;dioicous;sexual
|cell-wall variability=various
|columella character=origin
|columella orientation=over-arching
|cortical architecture=thick-walled
|distal end architecture=porose
|distal end architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|fibril arrangement or course=spiral
|fibril prominence=conspicuous
|fibril size=small;large
|form architecture=isophyllous;hemiisophyllous;anisophyllous
|gametophyte development=developing
|layer quantity=0;4
|mark architecture=trilete
|mark prominence=prominent
|neck prominence=inconspicuous;conspicuous
|operculum shape=convex
|peristome quantity=lacking
|pore relief=ringed
|protonemum architecture=1-stratose
|retort bud shape=inflated
|spore sac derivation=amphithecial
|spore shape=tetrahedral
|spore width=fine
|stem orientation=upright
|stem position relational=cover
|stem variability=differentiated
|stem-leaf architecture=septate;porose;efibrillose
|stem-leaf texture=fibrillose
|superficial layer architecture=porose
|superficial surface relief=coarse
|surface prominence=exposed
|surface shape=concave;convex
|tip coloration=colored
|tip shape=swollen
|wall projection prominence=visible
|whole_organism growth form=plant
}}<!--

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