View source for Splachnum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Splachnum
|accepted_authority=Hedwig
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Musc. Frond.,
|place=51, plate 8. 1801
|year=1801
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Splachnaceae;Splachnum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Splachnaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Splachnum]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek splachnon, tree moss
|volume=Volume 28
|mention_page=page 14, 15, 24, 26, 27, 650, 663
|treatment_page=page 23
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism coloration;whole_organism growth form;tuft pubescence or texture;tuft architecture or fragility"><b>Plants </b>in soft, loose tufts, light to dark green or yellow-green.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties=""><b>Stems </b>0.2–3.5 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem some measurement">radiculose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="stem-leaf shape"><b>Stem-</b>leaves obovate to long-lanceolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape">margins entire or serrate distally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape">apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="">costa ending in or before apex;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="proximal laminal cell shape">proximal laminal cells rectangular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="">distal cells oblong-hexagonal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="distal cell shape;distal cell reproduction;distal cell reproduction"><b>Sexual </b>condition dioicous (autoicous in S. pensylvanicum).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="seta some measurement;seta course;seta architecture"><b>Seta </b>0.2–15.5 cm, flexuose or twisted.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="capsule dehiscence;capsule coloration;capsule coloration;capsule coloration;capsule coloration;capsule coloration;capsule coloration;capsule coloration;capsule coloration;capsule coloration;capsule coloration;capsule shape"><b>Capsule </b>not cleistocarpous, red, orange, or yellowbrown, or orange-red, cylindric;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="hypophysis variability;hypophysis shape;hypophysis shape;hypophysis size;hypophysis width">hypophysis with color greatly differentiated from urn, globose to turbinate, sometimes umbrelliform, elongate, usually much larger, wider than urn;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="annulus presence">annulus absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="operculum shape;operculum shape">operculum conic to hemispheric, blunt to apiculate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="">peristome double;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="exostome tooth quantity;exostome tooth fusion;exostome tooth orientation;exostome tooth orientation;layer quantity">exostome teeth 16, sometimes connate, reflexed when dry, inflexed when moist, of 3 layers of cells.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="calyptra shape;calyptra size;calyptra size"><b>Calyptra </b>conic-mitrate, small, reaching hypophysis, not constricted beyond base.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="spore some measurement;spore architecture or pubescence or relief"><b>Spores </b>7–13 µm, smooth.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Nearly worldwide;except Antarctica;tropical to subarctic regions
|discussion=<p>Species 11 (6 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Plants of Splachnum are often shiny, entomophilous and coprophilous, and all circumboreal species appear to be restricted to growing on herbivore dung. The genus is characterized by its chambered exostome teeth as well as several species having greatly enlarged, colorful, differentiated hypophyses. The spores of this genus are sticky; the smooth setae usually continue growing after the spores mature. The stems are loosely foliate and simple or 2-fid. The stem leaves are erect or erect-spreading, usually more crowded toward stem apices, more or less contorted when dry, and usually spreading when moist. The perigonia are cupulate and large; the perichaetia are terminal on the stems or branches with leaves fewer and smaller. The exothecial cells are quadrate-hexagonal and rectangular at the capsule base, and transversely elongate in distal rows. The columella is short-exserted.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Hypophysis ± globose, ovoid, or turbinate, much wider than urn
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Hypophysis umbrelliform, or if globose or narrowly pyriform, not much wider than urn
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Hypophysis yellow or pink, rarely reddish; leaves narrowly oblong-obovate to long- lanceolate; margins spinose-dentate distally; apices slender-acuminate.
|[[Splachnum ampullaceum|Splachnum ampullaceum]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Hypophysis red-purple when moist; leaves ovate to obovate; margins entire; apices blunt, rounded, or obtuse.
|[[Splachnum vasculosum|Splachnum vasculosum]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Hypophysis umbrelliform, much wider than urn
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Hypophysis spheric, narrowly pyriform, or obovoid, not much wider than urn
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Hypophysis discoid-umbrelliform, yellow; leaf margins serrate to subentire distally.
|[[Splachnum luteum|Splachnum luteum]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Hypophysis convex-umbrelliform, bright magenta red; leaf margins coarsely serrate distally, toothed nearly to base.
|[[Splachnum rubrum|Splachnum rubrum]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Setae longer than 1 cm; hypophysis green, red-brown when dry; leaves broadly obovate; apices abruptly short- to long-acuminate.
|[[Splachnum sphaericum|Splachnum sphaericum]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Setae shorter than 1 cm; hypophysis greenish, dark red or purplish distally; leaves long- lanceolate; apices slenderly long-acuminate.
|[[Splachnum pensylvanicum|Splachnum pensylvanicum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Splachnum
|authority=Hedwig
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Splachnaceae
|distribution=Nearly worldwide;except Antarctica;tropical to subarctic regions
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Musc. Frond.,
|publication year=1801
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V28/V28_18.xml
|genus=Splachnum
|annulus presence=absent
|apex shape=acuminate;acute;acuminate;acute;obtuse
|calyptra shape=conic-mitrate
|calyptra size=not constricted;small
|capsule coloration=orange-red;yellowbrown;orange;orange-red;yellowbrown;orange;orange-red;yellowbrown;orange;red
|capsule dehiscence=not cleistocarpous
|capsule shape=cylindric
|distal cell reproduction=dioicous;sexual
|distal cell shape=oblong-hexagonal
|exostome tooth fusion=connate
|exostome tooth orientation=inflexed;reflexed
|exostome tooth quantity=16
|hypophysis shape=elongate;globose;turbinate
|hypophysis size=larger
|hypophysis variability=differentiated
|hypophysis width=wider
|layer quantity=3
|margin architecture or shape=serrate;entire
|operculum shape=conic;hemispheric blunt
|proximal laminal cell shape=rectangular
|seta architecture=twisted
|seta course=flexuose
|seta some measurement=0.2cm;15.5cm
|spore architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|spore some measurement=7um;13um
|stem some measurement=0.2cm;3.5cm
|stem-leaf shape=obovate;long-lanceolate
|tuft architecture or fragility=loose
|tuft pubescence or texture=soft
|whole_organism coloration=light;dark green or yellow-green
|whole_organism growth form=plant
}}<!--

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