View source for Styrax

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Styrax
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 444. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 203. 1754 ,
}}
|common_names=Storax;snowbell
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Styracaceae;Styrax
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Styracaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Styrax]]</div></div>
|etymology=Arabic assthirak, name for type species, S. officinalis
|volume=Volume 8
|mention_page=page 339, 341
|treatment_page=page 340
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;pith architecture"><b>Shrubs </b>or trees: pith continuous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;bud season">winter buds without scales;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;shoot reproduction;leaf development">fertile shoots of current growing season with fully developed leaves.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="margin shape;margin shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin shape"><b>Leaf-</b>blades: margins coarsely toothed, denticulate, serrate, or entire, rarely also lobed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="current flower architecture;current flower architecture or arrangement or growth form;between pedicel and flower articulation presence"><b>Inflorescences </b>borne on shoots of current growing season, false-terminal or axillary racemes or panicles, (2–) 3–19-flowered, sometimes solitary flowers, articulation between pedicel and flower absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="hypanthium fusion"><b>Flowers:</b> hypanthium adnate only to proximal portion of ovary wall;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="sepal atypical quantity;sepal atypical quantity;sepal quantity;sepal fusion;apical tooth atypical quantity;apical tooth atypical quantity;apical tooth quantity;apical tooth size">sepals (2–) 4–5 (–9), connate, forming tube with (2–) 5 (–9) minute, apical teeth;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="corolla lobe atypical quantity;corolla lobe quantity;corolla lobe arrangement;corolla lobe arrangement;portion fusion;androecium fusion;androecium fusion">corolla lobes 5–6 (–8), imbricate or subinduplicate-valvate in bud, portion free from androecium distinct or nearly so [connate proximally];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="stamen atypical quantity;stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity">stamens [5–] 10 (–16);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="portion fusion;portion fusion;portion fusion">filaments with free portion completely distinct or connate proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="pistil architecture">pistil 3-carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="ovary position;ovary architecture">ovary partly inferior, proximally 3-septate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="ovule atypical quantity;ovule quantity;ovule orientation;ovule architecture">ovules [1–2] ca. 8 per carpel, erect, bitegmic.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="fruit architecture;fruit architecture;fruit architecture;fruit architecture;fruit architecture;fruit architecture;fruit shape"><b>Fruits </b>capsular and 3-valved, or nutlike (in S. grandifolius) [drupaceous], not winged, ellipsoid to globose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="beak prominence">beak indistinct.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="seed atypical quantity;seed quantity;seed shape;groove atypical quantity;groove quantity;groove dehiscence or orientation"><b>Seeds </b>1 (–3), completely filling fruit cavity, with 3 (–6) longitudinal grooves, ellipsoid to globose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="hilum prominence">hilum conspicuous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="">seed-coat thick, indurate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="seed-coat width;seed-coat texture;x chromosome quantity">x = 8.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;n Mexico;South America;s Europe;e;se Asia;warm-temperate and tropical areas
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 130 (5 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>As reviewed in J. H. Langenheim (2003), many species of Styrax produce a resin exuded from wounds in the bark and wood. The southeastern Asian species S. benzoin Dryander, S. paralleloneurus Perkins, and S. tonkinensis Craib ex Hartwich are commercial sources of benzoin, a resin used medicinally as a mild antiseptic and expectorant, and in the flavor and fragrance industries. Styrax officinalis Linnaeus, native in the eastern Mediterranean region, is often anecdotally reported as a source of the resin storax (the primary source being Liquidambar orientalis Miller); well-documented bark-wounding experiments on individuals in a natural population of S. officinalis failed to produce resin (N. Zeybek 1970). To my knowledge, resin induction in any of our native species has not been attempted.</p><!--
--><p>Some Styrax species are cultivated for ornament in the flora area (S. A. Spongberg 1976b; J. C. Raulston 1992). Most of the species are deciduous Asian members of series Styrax; all the native species in the flora area are cultivated to some extent as well. Two Mexican species (S. glabrescens Bentham and S. ramirezii P. W. Fritsch) have been successfully grown in warmer parts of the United States.</p><!--
--><p>Nearly all Styrax species in eastern Asia serve as exclusive primary hosts for gall-forming aphids (Hormaphidinae: Cerataphidini; D. L. Stern and W. A. Foster 1996). No galls from these aphids have been observed on New World or Mediterranean Styrax.</p><!--
--><p>Styrax is divided into two sections (P. W. Fritsch 1999, 2001). The predominantly north-temperate sect. Styrax is distinguished from the subtropical to tropical sect. Valvatae Gürke by the combination of the usually deciduous (versus evergreen) condition and membranous (versus subcoriaceous) corolla lobes. Two series constitute sect. Styrax. Series Cyrta (Loureiro) P. W. Fritsch is distinguished from series Styrax by the presence of lateral (as well as terminal) inflorescences on at least some shoots (versus inflorescences strictly terminal) and glandular-denticulate to glandular-serrate (versus entire) leaf margins. Three of the species in the flora (S. americanus, S. grandifolius, and S. japonicus) belong to series Cyrta; the other two (S. platanifolius and S. redivivus) belong to series Styrax.</p><!--
--><p>Phylogenetic studies support the eastern Asian endemic Huodendron (four species) as the closest relative of Styrax (P. W. Fritsch et al. 2001). It differs from Styrax in its apically two- to three-toothed (versus entire) connectives, usually distally divided (versus simple) style, and a fruiting calyx that is epicarpous one-third to two-thirds the length of the fruit (versus epicarpous only slightly beyond the fruit base).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Axillary flowers absent; leaf blade margins entire, lobed, or coarsely toothed
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Axillary flowers present on at least some shoots (subtending leaves often reduced); at least some leaf blade margins denticulate to serrate, rarely also lobed
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Capsules 7-10 mm, grayish white stellate-pubescent; pedicels 1.3-2.3 times as long as calyx.
|[[Styrax platanifolius|Styrax platanifolius]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Capsules 11-15 mm, tawny or fulvous stellate-pubescent; pedicels 0.5-1.4 times as long as calyx.
|[[Styrax redivivus|Styrax redivivus]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Pedicels 15-50 mm.
|[[Styrax japonicus|Styrax japonicus]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Pedicels 4-10(-14) mm
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Calyces 2.5-4 mm; corolla tubes 1.5-3 mm; false-terminal racemes 2-3.5 cm; largest leaf blades on sterile shoots 2-5.7 cm wide; longest arms of abaxial leaf hairs 0.1-0.2 mm; fruits capsular, dehiscent nearly or completely to proximal end, broadly exposing seed(s).
|[[Styrax americanus|Styrax americanus]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Calyces 4-6 mm; corolla tubes 3-5 mm; false-terminal racemes 3-11.5 cm; largest leaf blades on sterile shoots 5-20 cm wide; longest arms of abaxial leaf hairs 0.2-0.6 mm; fruits nutlike, indehiscent or at most with 1-3 narrow longitudinal fissures, barely exposing seed(s).
|[[Styrax grandifolius|Styrax grandifolius]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Styrax
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Styracaceae
|distribution=North America;n Mexico;South America;s Europe;e;se Asia;warm-temperate and tropical areas
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V8/V8_670.xml
|genus=Styrax
|androecium fusion=nearly;distinct
|apical tooth atypical quantity=5;9
|apical tooth quantity=5
|apical tooth size=minute
|beak prominence=indistinct
|between pedicel and flower articulation presence=absent
|bud season=winter
|corolla lobe arrangement=subinduplicate-valvate;imbricate
|corolla lobe atypical quantity=6;8
|corolla lobe quantity=5;6
|current flower architecture=(2-)3-19-flowered
|current flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|fruit architecture=not winged;nutlike;3-valved;nutlike;3-valved;capsular
|fruit shape=ellipsoid;globose
|groove atypical quantity=3;6
|groove dehiscence or orientation=longitudinal
|groove quantity=3
|hilum prominence=conspicuous
|hypanthium fusion=adnate
|leaf development=developed
|margin architecture or shape=entire;serrate
|margin shape=lobed;denticulate;toothed
|ovary architecture=3-septate
|ovary position=inferior
|ovule architecture=bitegmic
|ovule atypical quantity=1;2
|ovule orientation=erect
|ovule quantity=8
|pistil architecture=3-carpellate
|pith architecture=continuous
|portion fusion=connate;distinct;free;free
|seed atypical quantity=1;3
|seed quantity=1
|seed shape=ellipsoid;globose
|seed-coat texture=indurate
|seed-coat width=thick
|sepal atypical quantity=5;9
|sepal fusion=connate
|sepal quantity=4;5
|shoot reproduction=fertile
|stamen atypical quantity=10;16
|stamen quantity=10
|whole_organism growth form=tree;shrub;tree;shrub;tree;shrub
|x chromosome quantity=8
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Styracaceae]]