View source for Suaeda

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Suaeda
|accepted_authority=Forsskål ex J. F. Gmelin
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Onomat. Bot. Compl.
|place=8: 797. 1776
|year=1776
}}
|common_names=Sea-blite;seepweed
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Chenopodiaceae;Suaeda
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Chenopodiaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Suaeda]]</div></div>
|etymology=Arabic suaed, black, Arabic name for Suaeda vera Forsskål ex J. F. Gmelin
|volume=Volume 4
|mention_page=page 260, 360, 389
|treatment_page=page 390
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> subshrubs, or shrubs [trees], annual or perennial, glabrous or pubescent, glaucous or not.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem texture"><b>Stems </b>prostrate to erect, simple or branched, not jointed, not armed, not fleshy.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf texture"><b>Leaves </b>alternate or opposite, sessile or short-petiolate, fleshy;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="blade pubescence;blade coloration;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;base shape;margin architecture or shape;apex shape">blade glaucous or green, linear, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or elliptic, flat or semiterete to terete, base usually narrowed, margins entire, apex blunt or rounded to acute or apiculate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="cyme architecture;flower quantity;spike architecture"><b>Inflorescences </b>dichasial cymes, forming glomes (clusters of flowers) of 1–12 flowers, usually arrayed in compound spikes or sometimes racemes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="inflorescence arrangement;glome architecture;bract architecture or shape;branchlet fusion;bract architecture or shape;bracteole quantity">each glome in axis of one leaflike bract, on branchlet fused to one leaflike bract, or bractless, subtended by 1–7 bracteoles;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="bracteole duration;bracteole shape;bracteole some measurement;bracteole texture;margin shape;margin shape;margin architecture or pubescence or shape;apex shape">bracteoles persistent, ovate to lanceolate, 0–1.5 mm, membranous, margins entire or laciniate, sometimes ciliate, apex rounded or acute to acuminate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower reproduction;flower architecture;flower architecture;flower presence"><b>Flowers </b>all bisexual or bisexual and pistillate intermixed, staminate flowers sometimes present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="perianth architecture;perianth architecture;perianth architecture;perianth architecture;perianth architecture">perianth actinomorphic, zygomorphic, or irregular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="perianth segment duration;perianth segment quantity;perianth segment fusion;perianth segment fusion;margin fusion;margin texture;margin width;margin texture">perianth segments persistent and enclosing fruit, 5, distinct or proximally to almost completely connate, usually succulent, sometimes thin, margins ± scarious;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity">stamens [1–] (2–) 5;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="anther position">anthers exserted (or included);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stigma quantity">stigmas 2–5.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="fruits utricle shape"><b>Fruits </b>utricles, shape variable, determined by seed shape;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="pericarp texture;pericarp texture;pericarp fixation">pericarp waxy, becoming membranous and ± separable from seeds at maturity.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="seed orientation;seed orientation;seed growth form;seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>horizontal or vertical, sometimes dimorphic, subglobose or lenticular to flattened;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="seed-coat coloration;seed-coat coloration;seed-coat coloration;seed-coat coloration;seed-coat coloration;seed-coat coloration;seed-coat relief">seed-coat black, blackish brown, blackish red, or brownish green, smooth or papillate to reticulate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="embryo architecture">embryo coiled;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="">perisperm absent or scant.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="perisperm presence;perisperm quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Worldwide
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 110 (12 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Plants of Suaeda are found in saline or alkaline wetlands or, occasionally, in upland habitats. Some species are cultivated and eaten as a vegetable; seeds of some have been ground and eaten by Native Americans, and some species are used as a source for red or black dye.</p><!--
--><p>The genus Suaeda includes widely distributed polymorphic species such as S. maritima, S. calceoliformis, and S. nigra. Much of the variation in these taxa appears to be due to environmental factors, but some of it is probably due to genetic differences. Infraspecific taxa and presumed related species have been described, and these are mentioned in the discussions following the descriptions. However, no infraspecific taxa are recognized here. All three of these species show much variation in morphology and growth-form characteristics, but no qualitative characters could be found that could be used to reliably separate distinct taxa below the species level. Future chromosomal and genetic studies may enable the recognition of distinct infraspecific taxa or even species within these three polymorphic entities.</p><!--
--><p>Identification of Suaeda specimens is achieved most successfully when based upon material containing flowers (for ovary shape) and mature calyces (for lobe shape) containing seeds. Because of the succulent nature of most specimens, fresh material may appear quite different than dried material, especially in the accentuation of calyx features when dry.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=bassett1978a
|text=Bassett, I. J. and C. W. Crompton. 1978. The genus Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 56: 581–591.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=fisher1997a
|text=Fisher, D. D., H. J. Schenk, J. A. Thorsch, and W. R. Ferren Jr. 1997. Leaf anatomy and subgeneric affiliations of C3 and C4 species of Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in North America. Amer. J. Bot. 84: 1198–1210.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hopkins1977a
|text=Hopkins, C. O. and W. H. Blackwell. 1977. Synopsis of Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in North America. Sida 7: 147–173.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=iljin1936a
|text=Iljin, M. M. 1936b. K sistematike roda Suaeda Forssk. i tri’by Suaedeae Rchnb. Sovetsk. Bot. 5: 39–49.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=schenk2001a
|text=Schenk, H. J. and W. R. Ferren Jr. 2001. On the sectional nomenclature of Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae). Taxon 50: 857–873.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  <h3 class="treatment-key-header" id="key-0">Key to Sections</h3>
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Glomes on branchlets partially fused to bracts
|[[Suaeda sect. Schanginia|Suaeda sect. Schanginia]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Glomes axillary to bract or bractless, not on branchlets partially fused to bracts
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Herbs annual, suffrutescent perennials, or subshrubs, glabrous; perianths irregular or zygomorphic, sometimes appearing ± actinomorphic; perianth segments abaxially ± flat or rounded (convex), sometimes distally hooded, and/or with abaxial appendages (transverse proximal wings, keels, and/or distal horns); stigmas on attenuated apex of ovary, not arising from pit; cross sections of fresh leaves ± uniformly green (best seen at 10× or greater magnification)
|[[Suaeda sect. Brezia|Suaeda sect. Brezia]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Shrubs, subshrubs, or sometimes facultative annuals, pubescent or glabrous; perianths actinomorphic; perianth segments abaxially rounded (convex), sometimes distally hooded, but without appendages; stigmas arising from pit at apex of ovary or from pit on distal necklike extension of ovary; cross sections of fresh leaves with dark-green ring of chlorenchyma just inside epidermis (best seen at 10× or greater magnification)
|[[Suaeda sect. Limbogermen|Suaeda sect. Limbogermen]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Suaeda
|author=Wayne R. Ferren Jr.;H. Jochen Schenk
|authority=Forsskål ex J. F. Gmelin
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Chenopodiaceae
|illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=Worldwide
|reference=bassett1978a;fisher1997a;hopkins1977a;iljin1936a;schenk2001a
|publication title=Onomat. Bot. Compl.
|publication year=1776
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V4/V4_772.xml
|genus=Suaeda
|anther position=exserted
|apex shape=acute;acuminate
|base shape=narrowed
|blade coloration=green
|blade pubescence=glaucous
|blade shape=elliptic flat or semiterete;terete
|bract architecture or shape=leaflike;leaflike
|bracteole duration=persistent
|bracteole quantity=1;7
|bracteole shape=ovate;lanceolate
|bracteole some measurement=0mm;1.5mm
|bracteole texture=membranous
|branchlet fusion=fused
|cyme architecture=dichasial
|embryo architecture=coiled
|flower architecture=staminate;pistillate
|flower presence=absent
|flower quantity=1;12
|flower reproduction=bisexual;bisexual
|fruits utricle shape=variable
|glome architecture=bractless
|inflorescence arrangement=arrayed
|leaf architecture=short-petiolate;sessile
|leaf arrangement=opposite;alternate
|leaf texture=fleshy
|margin architecture or pubescence or shape=ciliate
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|margin fusion=connate
|margin shape=laciniate;entire
|margin texture=scarious;succulent
|margin width=thin
|perianth architecture=irregular;zygomorphic;irregular;zygomorphic;actinomorphic
|perianth segment duration=persistent
|perianth segment fusion=proximally;distinct
|perianth segment quantity=5
|pericarp fixation=separable
|pericarp texture=membranous;ceraceous
|perisperm presence=absent
|perisperm quantity=scant
|seed growth form=dimorphic
|seed orientation=vertical;horizontal
|seed shape=lenticular;flattened
|seed-coat coloration=brownish green;blackish red;brownish green;blackish red;blackish brown;black
|seed-coat relief=papillate;reticulate
|spike architecture=compound
|stamen atypical quantity=1;#5
|stamen quantity=#5
|stem architecture=not armed;not jointed;branched;simple
|stem orientation=prostrate;erect
|stem texture=not fleshy
|stigma quantity=2;5
|whole_organism duration=perennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=shrub;subshrub;herb
|whole_organism pubescence=not;glaucous;pubescent;glabrous
|x chromosome quantity=9
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Chenopodiaceae]]