View source for Taraxacum ceratophorum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Taraxacum ceratophorum
|accepted_authority=(Ledebour) de Candolle in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle, Prodr.
|place=7: 146. 1838
|year=1838
}}
|common_names=Horned dandelion;pissenlit tuberculé
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=F
|label=Illustrated
}}
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Leontodon ceratophorus
|authority=Ledebour
|rank=species
|publication_title=Icon. Pl.
|publication_place=1: 9, plate 34. 1829
}}
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum ambigens var. fultius
|authority=Fernald
|rank=variety
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum angulatum
|authority=G. E. Haglund
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum arctogenum
|authority=Dahlstedt
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum brachyceras
|authority=Dahlstedt
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum carthamopsis
|authority=A. E. Porsild
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum coverum
|authority=R. Doll
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum dumetorum
|authority=Greene
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum eriophorum
|authority=Rydberg
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum eurylepium
|authority=Dahlstedt
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum groenlandicum
|authority=Dahlstedt
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum hyperboreum
|authority=Dahlstedt
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum integratiforme
|authority=R. Doll
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum integratum
|authority=G. E. Haglund
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum lacerum
|authority=Greene
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum lateritium
|authority=Dahlstedt
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum longii
|authority=Fernald
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum mackenziense
|authority=A. E. Porsild
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum malteanum
|authority=Dahlstedt ex G. E. Haglund
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum maurolepium
|authority=G. E. Haglund
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum microcerum
|authority=R. Doll
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum ovinum
|authority=Greene
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum pellianum
|authority=A. E. Porsild
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum pseudonorvegicum
|authority=Dahlstedt ex G. E. Haglund
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum umbriniforme
|authority=R. Doll
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Taraxacum umbrinum
|authority=Dahlstedt ex G. E. Haglund
|rank=species
}}
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae;Taraxacum;Taraxacum ceratophorum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Taraxacum]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Taraxacum ceratophorum]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 19
|mention_page=page 241, 242, 248, 249
|treatment_page=page 247
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism atypical some measurement;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>(1–) 6–50 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="taproot architecture">taproots branched.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem quantity;stem orientation;stem coloration;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>1–10+, ascending to erect, ± purplish (at least proximally), densely villous (young) becoming glabrescent, sparsely villous to glabrate or glabrous proximally, ± densely villous distally.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties=""><b>Leaves </b>± 10, horizontal to patent, sometimes erect;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf quantity;leaf orientation;leaf orientation;leaf architecture;petiole architecture">sessile or petioles ± broadly winged (bases barely narrowed compared to blades);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade length;blade atypical width;blade width;base shape;margin shape;margin course;margin orientation;margin shape;margin shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;lobe orientation;tooth quantity;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence">blades narrowly oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate or linear-oblong (often ± runcinate), 4–30 × (0.4–) 0.5–5 cm, bases cuneate to attenuate, margins lobed ± deeply to lacerate, irregularly to regularly, often toothed, merely denticulate, or subentire, lobes retrorse, straight or antrorse, deltate to triangular, acute to acuminate, teeth 0–1 on lobes, often more or mostly in sinuses, apices obtuse to sometimes acute, sometimes mucronate, faces glabrous or glabrate to very sparsely villous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="calyculus length;calyculus atypical width;calyculus width;bractlet atypical quantity;bractlet quantity;bractlet orientation;bractlet coloration;bractlet shape;series quantity;margin coloration;margin coloration;margin coloration;margin texture;apex shape;apex shape;apex texture;apex shape;tip shape;tip texture;tip architecture or relief"><b>Calyculi </b>of 12–16 (–20), appressed to spreading, pale, ovate to elliptic or lanceovate to lanceolate (sometimes thin) bractlets in 2–3 series, 5–12 × (0.9–) 1.5–5 mm, margins hyaline, white or purplish, scarious, apices caudate to acuminate, ± strongly horned, callous, or occasionally some (rarely all) hornless, tips obtuse to rounded, scarious, erose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="involucre coloration;involucre pubescence;involucre shape;involucre atypical some measurement;involucre atypical some measurement;involucre some measurement"><b>Involucres </b>dark green, sometimes ± glaucous, campanulate to ± hemispheric, (5–) 8–19 (–21) mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="phyllary atypical quantity;phyllary atypical quantity;phyllary quantity;phyllary shape;phyllary width;series quantity;margin texture;margin texture;inner phyllary texture;apex shape;apex shape;tip coloration;tip texture;tip architecture or relief"><b>Phyllaries </b>(10–) 12–14 (–17) in 2 series, lanceolate to ovatelanceolate (inner), 1.5–4.5 mm wide, margins scarious or not (outer), inner broadly scarious in proximal 1/2, apices usually horned, occasionally hornless, horns sometimes exceeding apices, tips white to purplish, scarious, erose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="floret quantity"><b>Florets </b>40–85+;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla length;corolla width">corollas yellow, drying cream to whitish (outer abaxially gray or purple-striped on drying), 10–22 × 1–2.8 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="cypsela coloration;cypsela coloration;cypsela coloration;cypsela coloration;body shape;body width;body width;cone shape;cone some measurement;beak size;beak some measurement;rib quantity;rib size;face relief;face relief;face relief"><b>Cypselae </b>olivaceous to olive brown, tan to olivaceous tan, brown to reddish-brown, grayish brown or straw-colored, bodies oblanceoloid to obovoid, 2.5–4 (–5) mm wide, cones conic or narrowly conic to broadly terete, 0.5–0.9 mm, beaks slender, 4.5–14 mm, ribs 5, large (bearing 10–15 narrower ones), faces proximally tuberculate or sometimes nearly smooth (usually with at least some tubercules) to muricate in distal 1/3–1/2, sometimes wholly muricate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="">pappi white to cream, 5–7.5 (–8) mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="pappus coloration;pappus atypical some measurement;pappus some measurement;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome atypical quantity;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity">2n = 16, [24], 32, 40, 48.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering spring–summer.
|habitat=Wet to moist areas, calcareous or igneous rocks, gravel, sand, or clay, wet meadows, shores of streams, sandy or gravelly seashores, seepage slopes, early-melting snowbeds (south)
|elevation=0–3000 m
|distribution=Greenland;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Alaska;Calif.;Colo.;Mont.;Nev.;N.Mex.;Oreg.;Utah;Wash.;Wyo.;Eurasia
|discussion=<p>Taraxacum ceratophorum is the most widespread native dandelion in North America, ranging from the low Arctic and boreal zone to the western Cordilleras, in the montane and alpine zones.</p><!--
--><p>This complex has been subdivided into many microspecies in North America, most of which appear unworthy of recognition. In the Quebec-Labrador Peninsula, Taraxacum ceratophorum grades continuously into what has been called T. hyperboreum. Inclusion of T. hyperboreum bridges the gap between typical T. ceratophorum and T. lacerum. Taraxacum lacerum stands out by its very lacerate leaves, but intermediates exist and it is impossible to draw a firm boundary. The lacerate Newfoundland form, T. longii, may be a spontaneous mutation within the range of T. ceratophorum. If T. lacerum were recognized, we would have to place T. longii within the former based on leaf morphology, though leaf orientation would be odd there (T. lacerum tends to have ascending leaves, and T. longii leaves that are flatter on the substrate). A more thorough morphometric and biosystematic study of this complex is warranted. Nonetheless, I have recognized two segregates (T. laurentianum, T. trigonolobum) that stand out from the continuum otherwise observed in the complex.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Taraxacum ceratophorum
|authority=(Ledebour) de Candolle in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Taraxacum ambigens var. fultius;Taraxacum angulatum;Taraxacum arctogenum;Taraxacum brachyceras;Taraxacum carthamopsis;Taraxacum coverum;Taraxacum dumetorum;Taraxacum eriophorum;Taraxacum eurylepium;Taraxacum groenlandicum;Taraxacum hyperboreum;Taraxacum integratiforme;Taraxacum integratum;Taraxacum lacerum;Taraxacum lateritium;Taraxacum longii;Taraxacum mackenziense;Taraxacum malteanum;Taraxacum maurolepium;Taraxacum microcerum;Taraxacum ovinum;Taraxacum pellianum;Taraxacum pseudonorvegicum;Taraxacum umbriniforme;Taraxacum umbrinum
|basionyms=Leontodon ceratophorus
|family=Asteraceae
|phenology=Flowering spring–summer.
|habitat=Wet to moist areas, calcareous or igneous rocks, gravel, sand, or clay, wet meadows, shores of streams, sandy or gravelly seashores, seepage slopes, early-melting snowbeds (south)
|elevation=0–3000 m
|distribution=Greenland;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Alaska;Calif.;Colo.;Mont.;Nev.;N.Mex.;Oreg.;Utah;Wash.;Wyo.;Eurasia
|reference=None
|publication title=in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle, Prodr.
|publication year=1838
|special status=Illustrated
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V19_323.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae
|genus=Taraxacum
|species=Taraxacum ceratophorum
|2n chromosome atypical quantity=24
|2n chromosome quantity=48;40;32;16
|apex shape=hornless;horned;hornless;horned;caudate;acuminate
|apex texture=callous
|base shape=cuneate;attenuate
|beak size=slender
|beak some measurement=4.5mm;14mm
|blade atypical width=0.4cm;0.5cm
|blade length=4cm;30cm
|blade shape=narrowly oblanceolate;linear-oblanceolate or linear-oblong
|blade width=0.5cm;5cm
|body shape=oblanceoloid;obovoid
|body width=2.5mm;4mm
|bractlet atypical quantity=16;20
|bractlet coloration=pale
|bractlet orientation=appressed;spreading
|bractlet quantity=12;16
|bractlet shape=ovate;elliptic or lanceovate
|calyculus atypical width=0.9mm;1.5mm
|calyculus length=5mm;12mm
|calyculus width=1.5mm;5mm
|cone shape=narrowly conic;broadly terete
|cone some measurement=0.5mm;0.9mm
|corolla coloration=cream;whitish
|corolla length=10mm;22mm
|corolla width=1mm;2.8mm
|cypsela coloration=olivaceous;olive brown tan
|face pubescence=villous;glabrate;glabrous
|face relief=muricate;sometimes nearly smooth to muricate;tuberculate
|floret quantity=40;85
|inner phyllary texture=scarious
|involucre atypical some measurement=19mm;21mm
|involucre coloration=dark green
|involucre pubescence=glaucous
|involucre shape=campanulate;more or less hemispheric
|involucre some measurement=8mm;19mm
|leaf architecture=sessile
|leaf orientation=erect;horizontal;patent
|leaf quantity=10
|lobe orientation=retrorse
|lobe shape=subentire;denticulate;toothed;lacerate
|margin coloration=purplish;white;hyaline
|margin course=straight
|margin orientation=antrorse
|margin shape=deltate;triangular acute
|margin texture=not;scarious;scarious
|pappus atypical some measurement=7.5mm;8mm
|pappus coloration=white;cream
|pappus some measurement=5mm;7.5mm
|petiole architecture=winged
|phyllary atypical quantity=14;17
|phyllary quantity=12;14
|phyllary shape=lanceolate;ovatelanceolate
|phyllary width=1.5mm;4.5mm
|rib quantity=5
|rib size=large
|series quantity=2;2;3
|stem coloration=purplish
|stem orientation=ascending;erect
|stem pubescence=villous;sparsely villous;glabrate or glabrous proximally
|stem quantity=1;10
|taproot architecture=branched
|tip architecture or relief=erose;erose
|tip coloration=white;purplish
|tip shape=obtuse;rounded
|tip texture=scarious;scarious
|tooth quantity=0;1
|whole_organism atypical some measurement=1cm;6cm
|whole_organism growth form=plant
|whole_organism some measurement=6cm;50cm
}}<!--

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