View source for Tilia ← Tilia You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Tilia |accepted_authority=Linnaeus |publications={{Treatment/Publication |title=Sp. Pl. |place=1: 514. 1753 |year=1753 }}, {{Treatment/Publication |title=Gen. Pl. ed. |place=5, 230. 1754 |year=1754 }} |common_names=Basswood;lime tree;linden;tilleul |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Malvaceae;Malvaceae subfam. Tilioideae;Tilia |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Malvaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Malvaceae subfam. Tilioideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Tilia]]</div></div> |etymology=Classical Latin name |volume=Volume 6 |mention_page=page 188, 193, 195, 196 |treatment_page=page 194 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism atypical some measurement;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form"><b>Trees </b>to 150 (–300+) dm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>deciduous, distichous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stipule duration">stipules caducous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="petiole architecture">petiole not winged;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade shape;base shape;base architecture or shape;base duration">blade mostly ovate to orbiculate, base cordate to truncate, usually asymmetric, sometimes caducous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="flower architecture"><b>Flowers </b>actinomorphic;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="sepal arrangement or dehiscence;base fusion;base pubescence;base pubescence">sepals valvate, bases sometimes coherent, abaxially hairy [glabrous], adaxially usually densely pilose to villous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="petal coloration;petal shape">petals cream to yellow, lanceolate to oblanceolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="">stamens usually in 5 fascicles [+ 5 separate stamens];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="staminode atypical quantity;staminode quantity">staminodes [0–] 5, similar to, smaller than, petals;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="ovary architecture;ovary architecture;ovary architecture">ovary sessile, (3–) 5-carpellate, ultimately 1-celled;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="style quantity">styles 1 per ovary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stigma shape">stigmas 5-lobed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties=""><b>Fruits </b>nutlike, indehiscent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="fruit architecture or shape;fruit dehiscence;x chromosome quantity">x = 41.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=North America;Mexico;Europe;Asia;mostly temperate areas |discussion=<p>Species ca. 20 (1 in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>Tilia (Tiliaceae) has been moved into Malvaceae in a broad sense (see Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998, 2003, 2009, and http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html).</p><!-- --><p>The name basswood evidently derives from bast (the inner bark), which is a source of fibers used in making cords and ropes from tilias. The names linden and lime tree may be English derivatives from German (linde baum). Tilias are commonly planted as shade trees along paths and streets; a potential problem with such plantings is aphid rain of honeydew, usually followed by sooty molds. Some living tilias are thought to be more than 300, possibly 1000+, years old and some have trunk diameters to two or more meters. Tilia wood is fine-grained and has long been prized by carvers. Flowers, fruits, and wood from tilias are used by herbalists and in perfumery. Nectar from tilia flowers is used by bees in making honey; some reports suggest the nectar may sometimes be poisonous to bees.</p><!-- --><p>For native tilias in the flora area, 50+ specific and infraspecific basionyms have been published; the proposed taxa have been distinguished largely on differences in indument on leaves. Leaf surfaces that look to be glabrous at magnifications of 1–10× are usually found, at 30× or higher magnification, to have minute glandular hairs (0.05–0.1 mm); such surfaces are called glabrate here. More readily seen hairs on tilia leaves are simple, forked, fascicled, or stellate (see J. W. Hardin 1990). Indument on leaves of flowering shoots of tilias may differ from tree to tree within a population, may differ within trees on shoots in full sun versus relatively shaded shoots, and may differ on a single leaf from early season to late season. Leaves on vegetative</p><!-- --><p>sucker shoots from at and near bases of tilia trunks are usually larger and thinner than leaves on flowering shoots. H. Kurz and R. K. Godfrey (1962) noted in their review of the taxonomy of tilias that a “student of Tilia” identified as distinct species individual specimens from different parts of a single tree.</p><!-- --><p>W. C. Ashby (1964) studied leaf induments and other traits in specimens from wild-collected tilias and from tilias grown from seed in common gardens. Ashby concluded that native tilias in an area ranging from North Dakota to Illinois and thence to Massachusetts and North Carolina belong to one species.</p><!-- --><p>L. G. Hickok and J. C. Anway (1972) sampled 102 populations of tilias from two Canadian provinces and 17 of the United States for 32 morphological characters (151 specimens) and for flavonoid chemistry (92 leaf samples). They noted geographical trends in induments and flavonoid patterns; they did not find justification for recognizing more than one native species of Tilia in the flora area.</p><!-- --><p>[Editorial note added in proof: Molecular data support the existence of two discrete genetic lineages of North American Tilia. One includes most Mexican haplotypes and those from the southern Appalachians, while the second includes most exemplars from the United States and two haplotypes from eastern Mexico (D. McCarthy 2012).]</p><!-- --><p>Non-native tilias that may be encountered in the flora area outside of cultivation as ruderals or abandoned plantings include: Tilia cordata Miller (leaf blades orbiculate, 4–7 cm, abaxially glabrate but for tufts of hairs at vein axils; fruits not notably ribbed; European), T. platyphyllos Scopoli (leaf blades ovate to orbiculate, 7–10 cm, abaxially sparsely stellate-hairy and with tufts of hairs at vein axils; fruits notably 3–5-ribbed; European), and T. tomentosa Moench (including T. petiolaris de Candolle with pendulous branches; leaf blades suborbiculate, 7–13 cm, abaxially usually densely white stellate-hairy; fruits weakly five-angled; Eurasian). Tilia ×europaea Linnaeus evidently applies to hybrids derived from crosses between T. cordata and T. platyphyllos.</p><!-- --><p>Tilia glabra Ventenat is a superfluous name; T. americana Linnaeus was cited as a synonym. Tilia michauxii Nuttall was a provisional name and was not validly published. Tilia pubescens Aiton is a superfluous name; T. caroliniana Miller was cited as a synonym.</p> |tables= |references= }}<!-- --><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Tilia |author=John L. Strother |authority=Linnaeus |rank=genus |parent rank=subfamily |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Malvaceae |illustrator=Barbara Alongi |illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association |distribution=North America;Mexico;Europe;Asia;mostly temperate areas |reference=None |publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed. |publication year=1753;1754 |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V6/V6_348.xml |subfamily=Malvaceae subfam. Tilioideae |genus=Tilia |base architecture or shape=asymmetric |base duration=caducous |base fusion=coherent |base pubescence=adaxially usually densely pilose;villous |base shape=cordate to truncate |blade shape=mostly ovate;orbiculate |flower architecture=actinomorphic |fruit architecture or shape=nutlike |fruit dehiscence=indehiscent |leaf arrangement=distichous |leaf duration=deciduous |ovary architecture=1-celled;(3-)5-carpellate;sessile |petal coloration=cream;yellow |petal shape=lanceolate;oblanceolate |petiole architecture=not winged |sepal arrangement or dehiscence=valvate |staminode atypical quantity=0;5 |staminode quantity=5 |stigma shape=5-lobed |stipule duration=caducous |style quantity=1 |whole_organism atypical some measurement=150dm;300dm |whole_organism growth form=tree |whole_organism some measurement=0dm;150dm |x chromosome quantity=41 }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Malvaceae subfam. 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