View source for Townsendia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Townsendia
|accepted_authority=Hooker
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Fl. Bor.-Amer.
|place=2: 16, plate 119. 1834
|year=1834
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Astereae;Townsendia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Astereae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Townsendia]]</div></div>
|etymology=For David Townsend, 1787–1858, American amateur botanist
|volume=Volume 20
|mention_page=page 11, 13, 17, 194, 351
|treatment_page=page 193
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism duration;whole-organism duration;whole-organism atypical quantity;whole-organism quantity;whole-organism quantity;whole-organism duration"><b>Annuals,</b> biennials, or perennials, 1–2 (–3) or (1–) 5–15 (–75+) cm (usually taprooted or developing ± woody caudices, sometimes rhizomatous).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem relief;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem relief;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>decumbent to erect, branched from bases and/or distally, glabrate, glabrous, hispidulous, pilose, piloso-hirsute, piloso-strigose, scabrellous, sericeous, strigillose, strigoso-scabrellous, strigose, or villous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties=""><b>Leaves </b>basal and/or cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="">alternate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture">± petiolate (petioles grading into blades);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade architecture;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face relief;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;abaxial face coloration">blades 1-nerved, mostly spatulate to oblanceolate, lanceolate, or linear, margins usually entire, rarely toothed or lobed, faces glabrous, glabrate, pilose, scabrellous, sericeous, strigose, strigillose, or villous, abaxial often gland-dotted.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="head architecture or arrangement;head arrangement"><b>Heads </b>radiate, borne singly (± sessile among rosette leaves, or at ends of leafy stems, or on scapiform peduncles).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre width;involucre diameter;involucre diameter"><b>Involucres </b>campanulate to hemispheric or broader, 4–25 (–35+) mm diam.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="phyllarie duration;phyllarie atypical quantity;phyllarie atypical quantity;phyllarie quantity;phyllarie architecture;phyllarie shape;phyllarie shape;phyllarie shape;phyllarie shape;phyllarie shape;phyllarie shape;phyllarie shape;phyllarie shape;phyllarie shape;phyllarie shape;phyllarie shape;phyllarie size;phyllarie growth form or texture;series atypical quantity;series quantity;margin texture;abaxial face pubescence;abaxial face pubescence;abaxial face pubescence;abaxial face pubescence;abaxial face pubescence;abaxial face pubescence;abaxial face pubescence;abaxial face pubescence;abaxial face pubescence"><b>Phyllaries </b>persistent, (16–) 20–60 (–80+) in [2–] 3–7+ series, 1-nerved (± flat, not notably keeled), usually ± lanceolate or ovate, sometimes filiform, lance-linear, lanceovate, linear, obovate, oblanceolate, or subulate, unequal (outer shorter), herbaceous, margins ± scarious (often finely erose to fimbrillate), abaxial faces usually strigose to strigillose, sometimes glabrate, glabrous, glandular-puberulent, piloso-strigose, pilose, or villous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="receptacle shape;receptacle shape;receptacle relief;receptacle relief;receptacle architecture"><b>Receptacles </b>usually flat or convex (conic in T. formosa), smooth or pitted (hairy or glabrous), epaleate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="ray-floret atypical quantity;ray-floret atypical quantity;ray-floret quantity;ray-floret architecture;ray-floret reproduction"><b>Ray-</b>florets (4–) 13–34 (–67+), pistillate, fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration">corollas usually white, pink, bluish, or lavender (yellow in T. aprica).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="disc-floret atypical quantity;disc-floret atypical quantity;disc-floret quantity;disc-floret reproduction;disc-floret reproduction"><b>Disc-</b>florets (16–) 30–100 (–200+), bisexual, fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="corolla coloration;tube height or length or size;lobe quantity;lobe orientation;lobe orientation;lobe shape">corollas yellow (sometimes tinged with cyan), tubes shorter than cylindro-funnelform throats, lobes 5, usually erect, sometimes spreading, lance-deltate to lance-oblong;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="style-branch appendage shape">style-branch appendages lance-deltate to attenuate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="cypsela shape;cypsela shape;cypsela architecture;face pubescence;face pubescence"><b>Cypselae </b>(± stramineous) ± flattened, obovate to oblanceolate, 2 (–3) -nerved, faces glabrate or hairy (hair tips entire, forked, or glochidiform);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="scale quantity;scale shape">pappi persistent or readily falling, of 12–35+, ± lanceolate or subulate to setiform scales (= flattened bristles of some authors; often less well developed on ray cypselae).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="pappus duration;pappus life cycle;x chromosome quantity">x = 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=w North America;Mexico
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 27 (26 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>J. H. Beaman (1957) noted that apomixis (asexual production of seeds) is characteristic of some townsendias. Apomictic populations may be locally or regionally fairly uniform and differ from other apomictic populations or population systems within single taxonomic species. Consequently, the evolutionary history within Townsendia and the species concepts used in the taxonomy of Townsendia may differ from those encountered in genera that do not include apomictic plants. Hybrids between sexual plants may be perpetuated as apomicts.</p><!--
--><p>Taxonomic disposition of Townsendia beamanii S. L. Welsh is not clear; the type may have resulted from hybridization between T. annua and T. incana.</p><!--
--><p>Petioles and blades of townsendias intergrade; leaf descriptions and measurements here include petioles plus blades. Ratios of lengths to widths of phyllaries are expressed as “l/w = 2.5–5,” etc.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=beaman1957a
|text=Beaman, J. H. 1957. The systematics and evolution of Townsendia (Compositae). Contr. Gray Herb. 183: 1–151.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=reveal1970a
|text=Reveal, J. L. 1970. A revision of the Utah species of Townsendia (Compositae). Great Basin Naturalist 30: 23–52.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Stems ± villous; pappi readily falling
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Stems usually hispidulous, scabrellous, strigose, or strigillose, sometimes glabrate or hirsute, pilose, piloso-hirsute, piloso-strigose, or strigoso-scabrellous, rarely glabrous; pappi persistent
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Involucres (12–)16–30 mm diam.; phyllaries 45–60+ in 5+ series, the longer 9–11 mm
|[[Townsendia condensata|Townsendia condensata]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Involucres 4–12(–16) mm diam.; phyllaries 16–26+ in 3–4 series, the longer 5–8(–9) mm
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Involucres 6–12(–16) mm diam.; cypselae hairy; pappi 4.5–6+ mm
|[[Townsendia spathulata|Townsendia spathulata]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Involucres 4–8 mm diam.; cypselae glabrate or glabrous; pappi 3–5 mm
|[[Townsendia microcephala|Townsendia microcephala]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Annuals, biennials, or perennials, (1–)3–12(–75+) cm (seldom pulvinate, caudices seldom branched); internodes (0.1–)2–20(–35+) mm; leaves basal and cauline or mostly cauline; heads usually at tips of ± leafy stems (usually surpassed by closely subtending leaves)
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Perennials, mostly 1–3(–5+) cm (usually ± pulvinate, caudices usually branched; plants to 12+ cm in T. scapigera and T. smithii); internodes mostly 0.1–1(–2) mm; leaves basal and cauline; heads ± sessile (nested among rosette leaves) or on ± scapiform peduncles (5–)15–60(–120) mm
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Involucres (8–)12–25(–35+) mm diam.; phyllaries (30–)40–60(–80+) in 4–7+ series
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Involucres 3–20(–30) mm diam.; phyllaries 16–30(–40+) in 3–4(–5) series
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf faces usually ± strigose, sometimes glabrate, abaxially (phyllary apices acute to attenuate, soft, not hard and apiculate)
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf faces usually glabrous or glabrate (sometimes sparsely strigillose) abaxially (sometimes strigoso-ciliate on margins and midribs); phyllary apices often hard, ± apiculate
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Longer phyllaries 5–9+ mm; disc florets 80–120+; ray pappi 0.5–0.8(–2+) mm
|[[Townsendia texensis|Townsendia texensis]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Longer phyllaries 10–15+ mm; disc florets 150–200+; ray pappi 3.5–4 (–7.5) mm
|[[Townsendia parryi|Townsendia parryi]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Cypselae glabrous or stipitate-glandular (hair tips not forked or glochidiform)
|[[Townsendia formosa|Townsendia formosa]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Cypselae hairy (hair tips forked or glochidiform)
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Phyllaries (30–)60–80+, (7–)12–13+ mm; disc pappi 8–12+, lanceolate scales 0.5–1 mm plus 1–2+, subulate to setiform scales 1–4 mm
|[[Townsendia eximia|Townsendia eximia]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Phyllaries 30–40+, 8–10(–12+) mm; disc pappi 15–30, subulate to setiform scales (4–)5–6 mm
|[[Townsendia grandiflora|Townsendia grandiflora]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Annuals; disc pappi 1–2.5(–4) mm
|[[Townsendia annua|Townsendia annua]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Biennials or perennials; disc pappi (2.5–)4–7+ mm
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Cypselae: hair tips entire or forked
|[[Townsendia florifera|Townsendia florifera]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Cypselae: hair tips glochidiform
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Perennials; internodes densely hispidulous, piloso-hirsute, piloso-strigose, or strigoso-scabrellous (stem surfaces usually hidden by hairs)
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Biennials or perennials; internodes pilose, piloso-strigose, strigose, or strigillose (stem surfaces seldom hidden by hairs)
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Ray laminae 5–8(–12+) mm; disc pappi of 15–30+ scales 4–6+ mm
|[[Townsendia incana|Townsendia incana]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Ray laminae 3–5+ mm; disc pappi of 12–15+ scales 2.5–3+ mm
|[[Townsendia gypsophila|Townsendia gypsophila]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Perennials; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear, 1–2(–3.5) mm wide; disc corollas 2–3.5+ mm
|[[Townsendia fendleri|Townsendia fendleri]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Biennials; leaves spatulate to oblanceolate or linear, 2–7(–9) mm wide; disc corollas 3.5–5 mm
|[[Townsendia strigosa|Townsendia strigosa]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Longer phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, lance-linear, linear, or subulate (l/w = 5–9+)
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Longer phyllaries usually ± lanceolate, sometimes lance-ovate, obovate, oblanceolate, or ovate (l/w = 2.5–5)
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Involucres (10–)12–25+ mm diam.; longer phyllaries (10–)12–14(–17) mm; disc corollas 6.5–9(–12+) mm; disc pappi 6.5–11+ mm
|[[Townsendia exscapa|Townsendia exscapa]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Involucres 7–12(–20+) mm diam.; longer phyllaries 6–9(–13) mm; disc corollas 3.5–6+ mm; disc pappi 4–6(–7.5)+ mm
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Involucres 8–18+ mm diam.; longer phyllaries 7–11(–13) mm; ray laminae 8–12+ mm, glabrous abaxially
|[[Townsendia hookeri|Townsendia hookeri]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Involucres 7–10 mm diam.; longer phyllaries 6–8+ mm; ray laminae 4–8+ mm, glandular-puberulent abaxially
|[[Townsendia mensana|Townsendia mensana]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Ray laminae usually ± densely glandular-puberulent abaxially (sometimes glabrous in T. montana)
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Ray laminae usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely glandular-puberulent, abaxially
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Ray corollas yellow adaxially
|[[Townsendia aprica|Townsendia aprica]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Ray corollas usually white, sometimes pink or blue, adaxially
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Longer phyllaries (7–)9–13 mm, abaxially piloso-strigose to strigose; ray florets 18–35
|[[Townsendia scapigera|Townsendia scapigera]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Longer phyllaries 4–9 mm, abaxially glabrous, glabrate, or sparsely strigillose; ray florets 13–21+
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Heads usually on scapiform peduncles 5–60+ mm, sometimes sessile; cypselae 4.5 mm
|[[Townsendia montana|Townsendia montana]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Heads usually sessile, sometimes on scapiform peduncles 5–15+ mm; cypselae 2–3(–4+) mm
|[[Townsendia jonesii|Townsendia jonesii]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Cypselae hairy (hair tips entire or forked)
|[[#key-0-23| > 23]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Cypselae glabrous or sparsely hairy (hairs mostly at bases, hair tips glochidiform)
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Heads ± sessile; pappi 3–5 mm
|[[Townsendia minima|Townsendia minima]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Heads on scapiform peduncles 30–80(–120) mm; pappi 0.2–0.8 mm
|[[Townsendia smithii|Townsendia smithii]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Involucres 12–28+ mm diam.; longer phyllaries obovate to oblanceolate
|[[Townsendia rothrockii|Townsendia rothrockii]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Involucres 8–12(–24) mm diam.; longer phyllaries ± lanceolate
|[[#key-0-25| > 25]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Heads usually on scapiform peduncles 10–20(–70) mm, rarely ± sessile; phyllaries 20–28+ in 3–4+ series, 5–9 mm
|[[Townsendia glabella|Townsendia glabella]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Heads usually sessile, rarely on scapiform peduncles 5–15+ mm; phyllaries 40–50+ in 4+ series, 7–9(–12) mm
|[[Townsendia leptotes|Townsendia leptotes]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Townsendia
|author=John L. Strother
|authority=Hooker
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=w North America;Mexico
|reference=beaman1957a;reveal1970a
|publication title=Fl. Bor.-Amer.
|publication year=1834
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V20_424.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Astereae
|genus=Townsendia
|abaxial face coloration=gland-dotted
|abaxial face pubescence=villous;pilose;villous;pilose;piloso-strigose;glandular-puberulent;glabrous;glabrate;usually strigose;strigillose
|blade architecture=1-nerved
|blade shape=mostly spatulate;oblanceolate lanceolate or linear
|corolla coloration=yellow;lavender;bluish;lavender;bluish;pink;white
|cypsela architecture=2(-3)-nerved
|cypsela shape=obovate;oblanceolate
|disc-floret atypical quantity=100;200
|disc-floret quantity=30;100
|disc-floret reproduction=fertile;bisexual
|face pubescence=hairy;glabrate;villous;strigillose;villous;strigillose;strigose;sericeous;pilose;glabrate;glabrous
|face relief=scabrellous
|head architecture or arrangement=radiate
|head arrangement=singly
|involucre diameter=4mm;25mm
|involucre shape=campanulate;hemispheric
|involucre width=broader
|leaf architecture=petiolate
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf position=cauline;basal
|lobe orientation=spreading;erect
|lobe quantity=5
|lobe shape=lance-deltate;lance-oblong
|margin shape=lobed;toothed;entire
|margin texture=scarious
|pappus duration=persistent
|pappus life cycle=falling
|phyllarie architecture=1-nerved
|phyllarie atypical quantity=60;80
|phyllarie duration=persistent
|phyllarie growth form or texture=herbaceous
|phyllarie quantity=20;60
|phyllarie shape=subulate;oblanceolate;subulate;oblanceolate;obovate;linear;lanceovate;lance-linear;filiform;ovate;lanceolate
|phyllarie size=unequal
|ray-floret architecture=pistillate
|ray-floret atypical quantity=34;67
|ray-floret quantity=13;34
|ray-floret reproduction=fertile
|receptacle architecture=epaleate
|receptacle relief=pitted;smooth
|receptacle shape=convex;flat
|scale quantity=12;35
|scale shape=less lanceolate or subulate;setiform
|series atypical quantity=2;3
|series quantity=3;7
|stem architecture=branched
|stem orientation=decumbent;erect
|stem pubescence=villous;strigose;villous;strigose;strigillose;sericeous;piloso-strigose;piloso-hirsute;pilose;hispidulous;glabrous;glabrate
|stem relief=strigoso-scabrellous;scabrellous
|style-branch appendage shape=lance-deltate;attenuate
|tube height or length or size=shorter
|whole-organism atypical quantity=2;3
|whole-organism duration=perennial;biennial;annual
|whole-organism quantity=(1-)5-15(-75+) cm;1;2
|x chromosome quantity=9
}}<!--

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[[Category:Treatment]]
[[Category:Asteraceae tribe Astereae]]
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]