View source for Trillium cuneatum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Trillium cuneatum
|accepted_authority=Rafinesque
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Autik. Bot.,
|place=133. 1840
|year=1840
}}
|common_names=Whip-poor-will flower;cuneate trillium;large toadshade;purple toadshade;bloody butcher;sweet betsy
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=E
|label=Endemic
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Liliaceae;Trillium;Trillium subg. Phyllantherum;Trillium cuneatum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Liliaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Trillium]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subgenus</small>[[Trillium subg. Phyllantherum]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Trillium cuneatum]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 26
|mention_page=page 95, 111, 112, 116
|treatment_page=page 108
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="rhizome orientation;rhizome coloration;rhizome height or length or size;rhizome width;rhizome shape;rhizome fragility"><b>Rhizomes </b>horizontal, brownish, short, thick, praemorse, not brittle.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="scape quantity;scape some measurement;scape pubescence or relief"><b>Scapes </b>1–5, 1.6–4.5 dm, smooth to rough near bract attachment.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="bract architecture"><b>Bracts </b>held well above ground, sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="blade coloration;blade coloration;blade coloration;blade prominence;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade length;blade width;margin arrangement;margin width;blade position;blade reflectance;base shape;convex-curved position or shape;convex-curved quantity;apex shape">blade green to purplish green, weakly to strongly mottled, mottling becoming obscure with age, ovate, ovate-elliptic, occasionally ovate-orbicular with margins overlapping, 7–18.5 × 7–13 cm, usually widest below middle, not glossy, base ± rounded, margins of distal 1/3 convex-curved to apex, apex acuminate to acute.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="flower orientation;flower odor;flower prominence;flower odor or taste;flower odor;sweetshrub leaf character;sweetshrub leaf condition"><b>Flower </b>borne upon bracts, erect, odor usually pleasant, faint, spicy, reminiscent of odor of bruised sweetshrub (Calycanthus) leaves, occasionally musty or unpleasant;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="sepal orientation;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration or density;sepal shape;sepal length;sepal width;margin architecture or shape;apex shape">sepals widely spreading, variably green, purple-streaked to all purple, oblong-lanceolate, 27–60 × 7–13 mm, margins entire, apex rounded to acute;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="petal duration;petal orientation;petal arrangement;stamen position;stamen coloration;stamen coloration or density;stamen coloration;stamen coloration;stamen coloration;stamen coloration;stamen coloration;stamen coloration;stamen coloration;stamen coloration;stamen coloration;stamen coloration;stamen coloration;ovary position;ovary coloration;ovary coloration or density;ovary coloration;ovary coloration;ovary coloration;ovary coloration;ovary coloration;ovary coloration;ovary coloration;ovary coloration;ovary coloration;ovary coloration;ovary coloration;base coloration or density;clone quantity;flower architecture;flower architecture;flower coloration;flower architecture;flower shape;flower shape;flower length;flower width;flower texture;flower shape;flower shape;year coloration;year coloration;year character;year variability;form coloration;form coloration;margin prominence or shape;margin architecture or shape;apex shape;apex shape">petals long-lasting, erect, ± connivent, ± concealing stamens and ovary, maroon, maroon-purple, brownish purple, bronze, greenish purple, clear green, yellowish green, pale lemon yellow, or 2-colored, yellow distally with purple base, in occasional clones, flowers open or quickly fade to bright copper bronze, the particular color-pattern consistent from year to year, fading to browner tones with age except in yellow or green forms, not spirally twisted, shape quite variable across range, elliptic-obovate to oblanceolate, 4–7 × 0.9–2.7 cm, thick-textured, with widest portion at or above middle, narrowed to usually cuneate basally, not clawed, margins flat, entire, apex acute, rounded-acute to obtuse;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="stamen orientation;stamen course;stamen coloration;stamen some measurement">stamens erect, straight, brownish purple-green, 11–18 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="filament coloration;filament some measurement;filament width">filaments brownish purple, 1.5–3.5 mm, widest at base;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="anther orientation;anther course;anther coloration;anther some measurement;anther dehiscence;anther dehiscence;anther dehiscence">anthers erect, straight, brownish gray, 7–14 mm, dehiscence latrorse or occasionally introrse;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="connectif course;connectif size">connectives straight, scarcely (0.5 mm or less) if at all extended beyond anther sacs;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="ovary coloration;ovary shape;ovary shape;ovary some measurement">ovary maroon, ovoid to vase-shaped, weakly 6-angled or ridged when mature, 12–15 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stigma orientation;stigma orientation;stigma fusion;stigma coloration;stigma shape;stigma some measurement;stigma texture">stigmas erect, slightly diverging to spreading, distinct, purplish gray, linear-subulate to thickly subulate, 4–15 mm, fleshy.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="fruit coloration;fruit coloration;fruit shape;fruit shape;streak coloration or density"><b>Fruits </b>green or with purple streaks, ovoid, very obscurely angled or angles no longer apparent, 2 × 1–1.5 cm, mealy or pulpy, fleshy, not juicy.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="angle quantity;angle length or size;angle prominence;angle length;angle width;angle pubescence or texture;angle pubescence or texture;angle texture;angle texture;2n chromosome quantity">2n = 10.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flower late winter–mid spring (early Mar–mid Apr).
|habitat=Rich, mostly upland woods, especially limestone soils, also less calcareous sites, occasionally found in old fields, ditches, or coal-mine tailings
|elevation=50–400 m
|distribution=Ala.;Ga.;Ky.;Miss.;N.C.;S.C.;Tenn.
|discussion=<p>Trillium cuneatum has escaped locally and become established in Michigan and other states. It is most frequent on the Ordovician limestone-derived soils of southern Kentucky and Tennessee, and is perhaps the most vigorous and certainly the largest of the eastern sessile trilliums. Numerous, mostly unnamed color forms occur. Plants from the lower piedmont of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, considered by most botanists to be of this species, have smaller, narrower petals than specimens from northeastern Alabama northward to Kentucky, and they are therefore sometimes difficult to place with certainty.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Trillium cuneatum
|authority=Rafinesque
|rank=species
|parent rank=subgenus
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Liliaceae
|phenology=Flower late winter–mid spring (early Mar–mid Apr).
|habitat=Rich, mostly upland woods, especially limestone soils, also less calcareous sites, occasionally found in old fields, ditches, or coal-mine tailings
|elevation=50–400 m
|distribution=Ala.;Ga.;Ky.;Miss.;N.C.;S.C.;Tenn.
|reference=None
|publication title=Autik. Bot.,
|publication year=1840
|special status=Endemic
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V26/V26_124.xml
|genus=Trillium
|subgenus=Trillium subg. Phyllantherum
|species=Trillium cuneatum
|2n chromosome quantity=10
|angle length=2
|angle length or size=longer
|angle prominence=apparent
|angle pubescence or texture=pulpy;mealy
|angle quantity=no
|angle texture=not juicy;fleshy
|angle width=1cm;1.5cm
|anther coloration=brownish gray
|anther course=straight
|anther dehiscence=introrse;latrorse;dehiscence
|anther orientation=erect
|anther some measurement=7mm;14mm
|apex shape=rounded-acute;obtuse
|base coloration or density=purple
|base shape=rounded
|blade coloration=mottling;green;purplish green
|blade length=7cm;18.5cm
|blade position=middle
|blade prominence=obscure
|blade reflectance=not glossy
|blade shape=ovate-orbicular;ovate-elliptic;ovate
|blade width=widest
|bract architecture=sessile
|clone quantity=occasional
|connectif course=straight
|connectif size=extended
|convex-curved position or shape=distal
|convex-curved quantity=1/3
|filament coloration=brownish purple
|filament some measurement=1.5mm;3.5mm
|filament width=widest
|flower architecture=twisted;quickly;open
|flower coloration=fading to browner tones
|flower length=4cm;7cm
|flower odor=unpleasant;pleasant
|flower odor or taste=spicy
|flower orientation=erect
|flower prominence=faint
|flower shape=not clawed;narrowed;usually cuneate basally
|flower texture=thick-textured
|flower width=0.9cm;2.7cm
|form coloration=green;yellow
|fruit coloration=with purple streaks;green
|fruit shape=angled;ovoid
|margin architecture or shape=entire;entire
|margin arrangement=overlapping
|margin prominence or shape=flat
|margin width=7cm;13cm
|ovary coloration=maroon;yellow;2-colored;yellow;2-colored;yellow;pale lemon;yellowish green;clear green;greenish purple;bronze;brownish purple;maroon
|ovary coloration or density=maroon-purple
|ovary position=concealing
|ovary shape=ovoid;vase-shaped weakly 6-angled or ridged
|ovary some measurement=12mm;15mm
|petal arrangement=connivent
|petal duration=long-lasting
|petal orientation=erect
|rhizome coloration=brownish
|rhizome fragility=not brittle
|rhizome height or length or size=short
|rhizome orientation=horizontal
|rhizome shape=praemorse
|rhizome width=thick
|scape pubescence or relief=smooth to rough
|scape quantity=1;5
|scape some measurement=1.6dm;4.5dm
|sepal coloration=purple-streaked;green
|sepal coloration or density=purple
|sepal length=27mm;60mm
|sepal orientation=spreading
|sepal shape=oblong-lanceolate
|sepal width=7mm;13mm
|stamen coloration=brownish purple-green;yellow;2-colored;yellow;2-colored;yellow;pale lemon;yellowish green;clear green;greenish purple;bronze;brownish purple;maroon
|stamen coloration or density=maroon-purple
|stamen course=straight
|stamen orientation=erect
|stamen position=concealing
|stamen some measurement=11mm;18mm
|stigma coloration=purplish gray
|stigma fusion=distinct
|stigma orientation=slightly diverging;spreading
|stigma shape=linear-subulate;thickly subulate
|stigma some measurement=4mm;15mm
|stigma texture=fleshy
|streak coloration or density=purple
|sweetshrub leaf character=odor
|sweetshrub leaf condition=bruised
|year character=color-pattern
|year coloration=bronze;bright copper
|year variability=consistent
}}<!--

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