View source for Typhaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Typhaceae
|accepted_authority=A. L. Jussieu
|publications=
|common_names=Cat-tail Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Typhaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Typhaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 22
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 278
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism location;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture or pubescence or relief;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, of fresh to slightly brackish wetlands, often emergent, rhizomatous, caulescent in flower, smooth, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position;leaf arrangement;leaf orientation"><b>Leaves </b>basal and cauline, 2-ranked, mostly ascending;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="sheath architecture;margin arrangement;margin coloration;summit shape;summit shape">sheaths open, margins overlapping, clear, summit tapered into blade or auriculate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="blade architecture;blade shape;helix architecture or fragility;apex shape;aerenchymum prominence">blades twisted into loose helix, narrowly linear-attenuate, apex acute, aerenchyma prominent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="inflorescence quantity;inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence orientation;inflorescence shape;inflorescence shape"><b>Inflorescences </b>1, terminal, erect, equaled or exceeded by cauline leaves, cylindric, spikelike (hereafter spikes);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="spike flower architecture;spike flower duration;axis duration">staminate spike flowers deciduous but axis generally persistent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="spike architecture;spike position or shape;spike architecture">staminate spike distal to pistillate spike;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="spike life cycle;spike quantity;bract duration;foliage leaf size;subtending spike architecture;subtending spike quantity;spike architecture">young spikes subtended by early-deciduous bracts resembling reduced foliage leaves, 1 bract subtending pistillate spike, 1 bract subtending and several within staminate spike;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="bract position;bract quantity;spike flower architecture;spike flower duration;axis duration">,staminate spike flowers deciduous but axis generally persistent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="axis architecture;scale architecture;scale architecture;scale architecture;scale orientation">staminate axis with numerous simple or branched scales arising among flowers;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="projection quantity;spike pubescence;flower quantity">pistillate axis with numerous projections (compound pedicels), evident on denuded fruiting spike, each bearing several flowers;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="axis architecture;axis prominence">in some species flowers subtended by slender bracteoles.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture;flower architecture;flower quantity;flower arrangement;flower size;flower reproduction;spike reproduction"><b>Flowers </b>unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same plants, numerous, densely packed in unisexual spikes, minute, wind-pollinated (stigmas receptive several days before pollen shed);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture">perianth probably represented by staminate scales and by hairs on stipes of pistillate flowers.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;flower architecture"><b>Staminate </b>flowers stipitate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="stamen quantity;filament fusion">stamens 1–several, filaments connate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="anther fixation;connective size">anthers basifixed, connective distally extended.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="flower architecture;flower position;flower architecture"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers hypogynous, stipitate (stipe bearing numerous straight hairs, developing after flowering, acting in wind dispersal of fruits);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="">pistils 1, 1-carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="">ovariesy 1-locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="pistil quantity;pistil architecture;pistil architecture or structure in adjective form;pistil placentation">placentation apical;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="ovule quantity">ovules 1;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="style quantity;style architecture">styles 1, unbranched;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="stigma quantity;stigma coloration;stigma coloration;stigma condition;stigma coloration;stigma architecture or pubescence or relief">stigmas 1, whitish or green, drying brown, 1-sided, smooth;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="agamous flower quantity">agamous flowers numerous (ovaries modified after flowering as carpodia).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="fruits follicle shape"><b>Fruits </b>follicles, fusiform;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s26" data-properties="pericarp coloration;pericarp architecture or dehiscence">pericarp clear, hyalinetransparent, splitting longitudinally in water to release seed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s27" data-properties="endosperm texture;endosperm coating"><b>Seeds:</b> endosperm starchy, oily;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s28" data-properties="embryo shape">embryo cylindric.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Boreal to tropical regions worldwide
|discussion=<p>The extensive literature on morphology and taxonomy of Typhaceae has been recently reviewed by (U. M&uuml;ller-Doblies and D. M&uuml;ller-Doblies (1977); R. M. T. Dahlgren and H. T. Clifford (1982); R. M. T. Dahlgren et al. (19853); and J. W. Thieret and J. O. Luken (1996). The inflorescence is probably reduced from a compound structure.</p><!--
--><p>Sparganium and Typha are very similar and perhaps should be placed in one family, as summarized by J. W. Thieret and J. O. Luken (1996): T (J. W. Thieret and J. O. Luken 1996). Other authors (e.g., D. M&uuml;ller-Doblies 1970; U. M&uuml;ller-Doblies and D. M&uuml;ller-Doblies 1977; W. Schultze-Motel 1980) placed Sparganium in the Typhaceae.</p><!--
--><p>Pre-Englerian [authors] ... placed Typha and Sparganium together in a single family, the Typhaceae. [H. G. A.] Engler (1886) put these genera in separate families, thus starting a tradition that has been followed by almost all subsequent authors until recently, when [D.] M&uuml;ller-Doblies (1970) re-examined the relationships of the genera and concluded that "the five different characters by which Engler justified the family Sparganiaceae are wrong or, in two cases, without any significance... The few remaining but very obvious differences may be explained to a large extend [sic] by an adaptation of Typha to anemochory [wind-dispersal of propagules]...."</p><!--
--><p>The phylogenetic relationships of the Typhales with other families remain controversial, and it seems best to treat the taxon as an isolated order of uncertain relationships pending further research. Various authors have placed the Typhales close to or within the Pandanales, Arales, Poales, Liliales, Pontederiales, or Philydrales or in the Commeliniflorae generally close to the Cyperales and Juncales (J. W. Thieret and J. O. Luken 1996).</p><!--
--><p>Genus Genera 1, species ca. 8–13 (3 in the flora).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=berlin-a
|text=Berlin: G. Hegi et al., 1964+. Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa, ed. 3. 5+ vols. in 8+. Berlin and Hamburg. Vol. 2, part 1(4), pp. 275—317.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=briggs1968a
|text=Briggs, B. G. and L. A. S. Johnson. 1968. The status and relationships of the Australian species of Typha. Contr. New South Wales National. Herbarium. 4: (2): 57--78.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=dahlgren1982a
|text=Dahlgren, R. and H. T. Clifford. 1982. The monocotyledons: a comparative study. 378 pp. New York.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=dahlgren1985c
|text=Dahlgren, R., H. T. Clifford, and P. F. Yeo. 1985. The families of the Monocotyledons. 520 pp. Berlin.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=doblies1970a
|text=Müller-Doblies, D. 1970. Über die Verwandschaft von Typha und Sparganium im Infloreszence Infloreszenz- und Blütenbau. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 89: 451--562. figs. 1--224.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=doblies1977a
|text=Müller-Doblies, U. and D. Müller-Doblies. 1977. Typhaceae. In: G. Hegi, Illus. Fl. Mitteleuropa, ed. 3. II. 1(4), pp. 275--317.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=dugle1972a
|text=Dugle, J. R. and T. P. Copps. 1972. Pollen characteristics of Manitoba cattails. Canadian Field Naturalist 86: 33--40.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=eckardt1964a
|text=Eckardt, T. 1964. Pandanales. In: H. Melchior, ed. 1964. A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien…, ed. 12. 2 vols. Berlin. Vol. 2, pp. 598--602.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=engler1886a
|text=Engler, H. G. A. 1886. Ueber die Familie der Typhaceen. Bot. Centralbl. 25: 127.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=fassett1952a
|text=Fassett, N. C. and B. M. Calhoun. 1952. Introgression between Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia. Evolution 6: 367--—379.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=finlayson1983a
|text=Finlayson, C. M., J. Roberts, A. J. Chick, and P. J. M. Sale. 1983. The biology of Australian weeds. II. Typha domingensis Pers. and Typha orientalis Presl. The J. Austral. Inst. Agric. Sci. 1983: 3--10.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=grace1982a
|text=Grace, J. B. and R. G. Wetzel. 1982. Niche differentiation between two rhizomatous plant species: Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia. Canad. J. Bot. 60: 46--57.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=grace1986a
|text=Grace, J. B. and J. S. Harrison. 1986. The biology of Canadian Weeds. 73. Typha latifolia L., Typha angustifolia L. and Typha glauca Godr. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 66: 361--379.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=grace1988a
|text=Grace, J. B. 1988. The effect of nutrient additions on mixtures of Typha latifolia L. and Typha domingensis Pers. along a water-depth gradient. Aquatic Bot. 31: 83--92.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=harris1963a
|text=Harris, S. W. and W. H. Marshall. 1963. Ecology of water-level manipulations on a northern marsh. Ecology 44: 331--343.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hotchkiss1949a
|text=Hotchkiss, N. and H. L. Dozier. 1949. Taxonomy and distribution of North. American cat-tails. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 41: 237--254.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kaul1974a
|text=Kaul, R. B. 1974. Ontogeny of foliar diaphragms in Typha latifolia. Amer. J. Bot. 61: 318--323.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kronfeld1889a
|text=Kronfeld, E. M. 1889. Monographie der Gattung Typha Tourn. (Typhinae Agdh., Typhaceae Schur-Engl.). Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 39: 89--192.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=little1979c
|text=Little, E. C. S. 1979. Handbook of utilization of aquatic plants. FAO Fisheries Tech. Pap. 187. Rome.. Mc
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=melchior1964a
|text=Melchior, H. 1964. Pandanales. A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien ed. 12. 2: 598--602. [incl. Typhaceae]
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=morton1975a
|text=Morton, J. F. 1975. Cattails (Typha spp.)-----weed problem or potential crop? Econ. Bot. 29: 7--29.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=motel1980a
|text=Schultz-Motel, W. 1980. Typhaceae. In: H.J. Conert et al., eds. 1967--1980. Gustav Hegi's Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-europa. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta. Band II. Angiospermae: Monocotyledones 2. Teil 1. Edition 3. Pp. 18--317. Berlin.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=naughton1966a
|text=Naughton, S. J. 1966. Ecotype function in the Typha community-type. Ecol. Monogr. 36: 297--325.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=ramey1981a
|text=Ramey, V. 1981. Typha--—not just another weed. Aquaphyte. Newsletter of the IPPC Aquatic Weed Program of the University of Florida 1(1): 1: 1--2.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=smith1967a
|text=Smith, S. G. 1967. Experimental and natural hybrids in North American Typha (Typhaceae). Amer. Midl. Naturalist 78: 257--287.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=smith1987a
|text=Smith, S. G. 1987. Typha: Its taxonomy and the ecological significance of hybrids. Arch. Hydrobiol., Beih. [Stuttgart]. 27: 129--138.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=thieret1996a
|text=Thieret, J. W. and J. O. Luken. 1996. The Typhaceae in the southeastern United States. Harvard Pap. Bot. 8: 27--56.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tompkins1983a
|text=Tompkins, T. M. and J. Taylor. 1983. Hybridization in Typha in Genesee County, Michigan. The Michigan Bot. 22: 127--131.
}}
}}<!--

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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Typhaceae
|author=S. Galen Smith
|authority=A. L. Jussieu
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Typhaceae
|illustrator=John Myers
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=Boreal to tropical regions worldwide
|reference=berlin-a;briggs1968a;dahlgren1982a;dahlgren1985c;doblies1970a;doblies1977a;dugle1972a;eckardt1964a;engler1886a;fassett1952a;finlayson1983a;grace1982a;grace1986a;grace1988a;harris1963a;hotchkiss1949a;kaul1974a;kronfeld1889a;little1979c;melchior1964a;morton1975a;motel1980a;naughton1966a;ramey1981a;smith1967a;smith1987a;thieret1996a;tompkins1983a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/62857cf6bca5c4637d27b113da92d27dbf9962f4/V22/V22_377.xml
|aerenchymum prominence=prominent
|agamous flower quantity=numerous
|anther fixation=basifixed
|apex shape=acute
|axis architecture=pistillate;staminate
|axis duration=persistent;persistent
|axis prominence=evident
|blade architecture=twisted
|blade shape=linear-attenuate
|bract duration=early-deciduous
|bract position=subtending
|bract quantity=several
|connective size=extended
|embryo shape=cylindric
|endosperm coating=oily
|endosperm texture=starchy
|filament fusion=connate
|flower architecture=stipitate;pistillate;stipitate;staminate;pistillate;pistillate;staminate
|flower arrangement=packed
|flower position=hypogynous
|flower quantity=numerous;several
|flower reproduction=wind-pollinated;unisexual
|flower size=minute
|foliage leaf size=reduced
|fruits follicle shape=fusiform
|helix architecture or fragility=loose
|inflorescence orientation=erect
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|inflorescence quantity=1
|inflorescence shape=spikelike;cylindric
|leaf arrangement=2-ranked
|leaf orientation=ascending
|leaf position=cauline;basal
|margin arrangement=overlapping
|margin coloration=clear
|ovule quantity=1
|pericarp architecture or dehiscence=splitting
|pericarp coloration=clear
|pistil architecture=1-carpellate
|pistil architecture or structure in adjective form=1-locular
|pistil placentation=apical
|pistil quantity=1
|projection quantity=numerous
|scale architecture=branched;simple;numerous
|scale orientation=arising
|sheath architecture=open
|spike architecture=staminate;pistillate;staminate
|spike flower architecture=staminate;staminate
|spike flower duration=deciduous;deciduous
|spike life cycle=young
|spike position or shape=distal
|spike pubescence=denuded
|spike quantity=1
|spike reproduction=unisexual
|stamen quantity=1;several
|stigma architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|stigma coloration=brown;green;whitish
|stigma condition=drying
|stigma quantity=1
|style architecture=unbranched
|style quantity=1
|subtending spike architecture=pistillate
|subtending spike quantity=1
|summit shape=auriculate;tapered
|whole_organism architecture=caulescent;rhizomatous
|whole_organism architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|whole_organism location=emergent
|whole_organism pubescence=glabrous
}}<!--

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