View source for Urochloa

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Urochloa
|accepted_authority=P. Beauv.
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Urochloa
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Urochloa]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 25
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 492
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form">usually cespitose, sometimes mat-forming, sometimes stoloniferous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="culm some measurement;culm growth form or texture;culm orientation;culm shape;culm growth form or orientation;culm architecture"><b>Culms </b>5-500 cm, herbaceous, erect, geniculate, or decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="sheath architecture"><b>Sheaths </b>open;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="auricle presence">auricles rarely present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="basal portion texture;basal portion prominence">ligules apparently of hairs, the basal membranous portion inconspicuous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade shape;blade prominence or shape">blades ovatelanceolate to lanceolate, flat.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence position;primary branch shape;rachis prominence"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal or terminal and axillary, usually panicles of spikelike primary branches in 2 or more ranks, rachises not concealed by the spikelets;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="primary branch arrangement;primary branch arrangement;primary branch shape;primary branch arrangement;axis shape;axis shape;spikelet development;spikelet prominence">primary branches usually alternate or subopposite, spikelike, and 1-sided, less frequently verticillate, axes flat or triquetrous, usually terminating in a well-developed, rudimentary spikelet;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="secondary branch presence;secondary branch presence">secondary branches present or absent, axes flat or triquetrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="axis shape;axis shape">disarticulation beneath the spikelets.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="spikelet architecture or arrangement or growth form;spikelet arrangement;spikelet architecture;spikelet architecture;spikelet arrangement;spikelet fixation or orientation;spikelet shape;spikelet shape;row atypical quantity;row quantity;floret quantity;glume arrangement"><b>Spikelets </b>solitary, paired, or in triplets, subsessile or pedicellate, divergent or appressed, ovoid to ellipsoid, dorsally compressed, in 1-2 (4) rows, with 2 florets, lower or upper glumes adjacent to the branch axes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="glume architecture or shape"><b>Glumes </b>not saccate basally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="lower glume quantity;upper floret variability;upper floret architecture">lower glumes usually 1/5 – 2/3 as long as the spikelets, occasionally equaling the upper florets, (0) 1-11-veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="upper glume architecture">upper glumes 5-13-veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="lower floret reproduction;lower floret architecture">lower florets sterile or staminate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="lower lemma architecture">lower lemmas similar to the upper glumes, 5-9-veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="lower palea presence;lower palea coloration;lower palea architecture">lower paleas if present, usually hyaline, 2-veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="upper floret reproduction;upper floret architecture;upper floret shape;upper floret shape;upper floret pubescence;upper floret architecture;upper floret shape;upper floret shape">upper florets bisexual, sessile, ovoid to ellipsoid, usually planoconvex, usually glabrous, not disarticulating, mucronate or acuminate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="upper lemma texture;upper lemma relief;upper lemma relief;upper lemma architecture;margin shape or vernation;apex shape;apex shape">upper lemmas indurate, transversely rugose and verrucose, 5-veined, margins involute, apices round to mucronate, or aristate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="upper paleum relief;upper paleum reflectance;upper paleum reflectance">upper palea rugose, shiny or lustrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="lodicule quantity;lodicule shape;lodicule architecture or shape">lodicules 2, cuneate, truncate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="anther quantity">anthers 3.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="caryopsis shape;caryopsis shape"><b>Caryopses </b>ovoid to elliptic, dorsally compressed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="embryo quantity">embryos 1/2 - 3/4 as long as the caryopses;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="hilum coloration or relief;hilum arrangement or course or shape;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity">hila punctate to linear, x = 7, 8, 9, or 10.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Fla.;Md.;S.C.;Puerto Rico;N.J.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;Ala.;Ark.;Tenn.;Pa.;Oreg.;Okla.;Va.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Ill.;Ga.;Ariz.;Mass.;Mo.;Kans.;Miss.;Ky.
|discussion=<p>Urochloa is a genus of approximately 100 tropical and subtropical species. There are 19 species found in the Flora region. Eight species are established introductions, six are native, three are cultivated as grain or forage crops, and two have been found in the region but are not known to be established.</p><!--
--><p>Urochloa differs from Brachiaria in its two or more ranks of panicles and rugose, non-disarticulating, distal florets. The rugose, often mucronate or aristate, distal florets also distinguish it from most species of Panicum.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=clayton1982a
|text=Clayton, W.D. and S.A Renvoize. 1982. Flora of Tropical East Africa. Gramineae (Part 3). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 448 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=davidse1994a
|text=Davidse, G. and R.W. Pohl. 1994. Urochloa P. Beauv. Pp. 331-333 in G. Davidse, M. Sousa S., and A.O. Chater (eds.). Flora Mesoamericana, vol. 6: Alismataceae a Cyperaceae. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologfa, Mexico, D.F., Mexico. 543 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=fox1996a
|text=Fox, W.E., III and S.L. Hatch. 1996. Brachiaria eruciformis and Urochloa hrizantha (Poaceae: Paniceae) new to Texas. Sida 17:287-288
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hall1978a
|text=Hall, D.W. 1978. The Grasses of Florida. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. 498 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=morrone1992b
|text=Morrone, O. and F.O. Zuloaga. 1992. Revision de las especies Sudamericanas nativas e introducidas de los generos Brachiaria y Urochloa (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae). Darwiniana 31:43-109
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=morrone1993a
|text=Morrone, O. and F.O. Zuloaga. 1993. Sinopsis del genero Urochloa (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) para Mexico y America Central. Darwiniana 32:59-75
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=pohl1980a
|text=Pohl, R.W. 1980. Flora Costaricensis: Family #15, Gramineae. Fieldiana, Bot., n.s., 4:1-608
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=reed1964c
|text=Reed, C.F. 1964. A flora of the chrome and manganese ore piles at Canton, in the Port of Baltimore, Maryland and at Newport News, Virginia, with descriptions of genera and species new to the flora of the eastern United States. Phytologia 10:321-05
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=sendulsky1978a
|text=Sendulsky, T. 1978. Brachiaria: Taxonomy of cultivated and native species in Brazil. Hoehnea 7:99-139
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=veldkamp1996a
|text=Veldkamp, J.F. 1996. Brachiaria, Urochloa (Gramineae-Paniceae) in Malesia. Blumea 41:413-437
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=webster1987b
|text=Webster, R.D. 1987. The Australian Paniceae (Poaceae). J. Cramer, Berlin and Stuttgart, Germany. 322 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=wipff1993a
|text=Wipff, J.K., R.I. Lonard, S.D. Jones, and S.L. Hatch. 1993. The genus Urochloa (Poaceae: Paniceae) in Texas, including one previously unreported species for the state. Sida 15:405-413.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Branches at the lowest node of the inflorescence verticillate; inflorescences simple, open panicles, the primary branches with well-developed secondary and tertiary branches; plants perennial
|[[Urochloa maxima|Urochloa maxima]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Branches at the lowest node of the inflorescence not verticillate; inflorescences usually with spikelike branches, secondary branches absent or inconspicuous, sometimes simple panicles; plants annual or perennial.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Spikelets paired at mid-branch length, sometimes solitary distally.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Axes of the primary panicle branches flat; lower glumes (0)1-3-veined.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants annual; culms 10-35 cm tall; spikelets 1.8-2.2 mm long
|[[Urochloa reptans|Urochloa reptans]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants perennial; culms 20-500 cm tall; spikelets 2.5-5 mm long.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Upper lemmas awned, the awns 0.5-1.2 mm; lower glumes 3-veined, with 1-3 conspicuous, rigid hairs
|[[Urochloa mosambicensis|Urochloa mosambicensis]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Upper lemmas unawned; lower glumes 1-3-veined, glabrous
|[[Urochloa mutica|Urochloa mutica]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Axes of the primary panicle branches triquetrous; lower glumes 3-7-veined.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Spikelets 4.8-6 mm long; hila linear, about 1/2 as long as the caryopses
|[[Urochloa texana|Urochloa texana]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Spikelets 2-4.2 mm long; hila punctate.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Branch axes densely hairy, the hairs papillose-based
|[[Urochloa arizonica|Urochloa arizonica]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Branch axes sometimes densely hairy, with few or no papillose-based hairs.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Upper glumes with evident cross venation extending from near the bases to the apices; spikelets obovoid; upper glumes and lower lemmas usually glabrous; lower lemmas 7-veined
|[[Urochloa fusca|Urochloa fusca]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Upper glumes without evident cross venation, or the cross venation confined to the distal 1/2; spikelets ellipsoid; upper glumes and lower lemmas glabrous or pubescent; lower lemmas 5-veined.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Cauline nodes glabrous; plants 20-120 cm tall; spikelet apices abruptly acuminate
|[[Urochloa adspersa|Urochloa adspersa]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Cauline nodes pubescent; plants 10-70 cm tall, spikelets apices broadly acute to acute.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Upper glumes 5-veined; upper lemmas 1.8-2.1 mm long; glumes separated by an internode about 0.3 mm long
|[[Urochloa villosa|Urochloa villosa]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Upper glumes 7-9-veined; upper lemmas 2.3-3.3 mm long; glumes not separated by a conspicuous internode
|[[Urochloa ramosa|Urochloa ramosa]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Spikelets solitary at mid-branch length.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Panicle branches triquetrous, 0.2-0.4 mm wide.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Plants perennial; upper glumes (9) 11-13-veined; upper lemmas 2.4-2.8 mm long; glumes not separated by a conspicuous internode; lower florets staminate
|[[Urochloa ciliatissima|Urochloa ciliatissima]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Plants annual; upper glumes 5-veined; upper lemmas 1.8-2.1 mm long; glumes separated by an internode about 0.3 mm long; lower florets sterile
|[[Urochloa villosa|Urochloa villosa]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Panicle branches flat or crescent-shaped in cross section, 0.5-2.5 mm wide.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Upper lemmas awned, the awns 0.3-1.2 mm long, apices rounded.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Plants perennial; lower glumes with 1-3 conspicuous, rigid hairs, the lower glumes 1/2 - 3/4 as long as the spikelet; lower florets staminate
|[[Urochloa mosambicensis|Urochloa mosambicensis]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Plants annual; lower glumes without conspicuous, rigid hairs; the lower glumes 1/4 - 1/3(1/2) as long as the spikelet; lower florets sterile
|[[Urochloa panicoides|Urochloa panicoides]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Upper lemmas unawned; apices variable, with or without a mucronate tip.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Spikelets in a single row along the branches; spikelets 4-6 mm long; lower florets staminate; panicle branch axes crescent-shaped in cross section
|[[Urochloa brizantba|Urochloa brizantba]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Spikelets in 2 rows along the branches; spikelets 2.5-6 mm long; lower florets sterile or staminate; panicle branches flat.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Lower glumes 5-7-veined; glumes scarcely separated, the internode between them shorter than 0.3 mm.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Upper glumes and lower lemmas pubescent, the hairs often long in the distal 1/3
|[[Urochloa piligera|Urochloa piligera]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Upper glumes and lower lemmas glabrous.
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Plants perennial, stoloniferous; lower florets staminate
|[[Urochloa arrecta|Urochloa arrecta]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Plants annual; lower florets sterile
|[[Urochloa platyphylla|Urochloa platyphylla]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Lower glumes (7)9-11-veined; glumes separated by a conspicuous, 0.3-0.5 mm internode.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Lower paleas absent; spikelets usually pubescent, sometimes glabrous
|[[Urochloa piligera|Urochloa piligera]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Lower paleas present; spikelets glabrous.
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Spikelets 3.3-3.7 mm long; base of blades rounded to subcordate, not clasping the stem
|[[Urochloa subquadripara|Urochloa subquadripara]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Spikelets 4-6 mm long; base of blades subcordate to cordate, clasping the stem
|[[Urochloa plantaginea|Urochloa plantaginea]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Urochloa
|author=J.K. Wipff;Rahmona A. Thompson;
|authority=P. Beauv.
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|distribution=Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Fla.;Md.;S.C.;Puerto Rico;N.J.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;Ala.;Ark.;Tenn.;Pa.;Oreg.;Okla.;Va.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Ill.;Ga.;Ariz.;Mass.;Mo.;Kans.;Miss.;Ky.
|reference=clayton1982a;davidse1994a;fox1996a;hall1978a;morrone1992b;morrone1993a;pohl1980a;reed1964c;sendulsky1978a;veldkamp1996a;webster1987b;wipff1993a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V25/V25_1311.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae
|genus=Urochloa
|anther quantity=3
|apex shape=round;mucronate or aristate
|auricle presence=absent
|axis shape=triquetrous;flat;triquetrous;flat
|basal portion prominence=inconspicuous
|basal portion texture=membranous
|blade prominence or shape=flat
|blade shape=ovatelanceolate;lanceolate
|caryopsis shape=compressed;ovoid;elliptic
|culm architecture=rooting
|culm growth form or orientation=decumbent
|culm growth form or texture=herbaceous
|culm orientation=erect
|culm shape=geniculate
|culm some measurement=5cm;500cm
|embryo quantity=1/2;3/4
|floret quantity=2
|glume architecture or shape=saccate
|glume arrangement=adjacent
|hilum arrangement or course or shape=linear
|hilum coloration or relief=punctate
|inflorescence position=axillary
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal;terminal
|lodicule architecture or shape=truncate
|lodicule quantity=2
|lodicule shape=cuneate
|lower floret architecture=staminate
|lower floret reproduction=sterile
|lower glume quantity=1/5;2/3
|lower lemma architecture=5-9-veined
|lower palea architecture=2-veined
|lower palea coloration=hyaline
|lower palea presence=absent
|margin shape or vernation=involute
|primary branch arrangement=verticillate;subopposite;alternate
|primary branch shape=spikelike;spikelike
|rachis prominence=concealed
|row atypical quantity=4
|row quantity=1;2
|secondary branch presence=absent;absent
|sheath architecture=open
|spikelet architecture=pedicellate;subsessile
|spikelet architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|spikelet arrangement=divergent;paired
|spikelet development=well-developed
|spikelet fixation or orientation=appressed
|spikelet prominence=rudimentary
|spikelet shape=compressed;ovoid;ellipsoid
|upper floret architecture=not disarticulating;sessile;(0)1-11-veined
|upper floret pubescence=glabrous
|upper floret reproduction=bisexual
|upper floret shape=acuminate;mucronate;planoconvex;ovoid;ellipsoid
|upper floret variability=equaling
|upper glume architecture=5-13-veined
|upper lemma architecture=5-veined
|upper lemma relief=verrucose;rugose
|upper lemma texture=indurate
|upper paleum reflectance=lustrous;shiny
|upper paleum relief=rugose
|whole_organism architecture=stoloniferous
|whole_organism duration=perennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=plant;mat-forming;cespitose
|x chromosome quantity=10;9;8;7
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]