View source for Vernonia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Vernonia
|accepted_authority=Schreber
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl.
|place=2: 541. 1791
|year=1791
}}
|common_names=Ironweed
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Vernonieae;Vernonia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Vernonieae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Vernonia]]</div></div>
|etymology=For William Vernon, d. 1711, English botanist
|volume=Volume 19
|mention_page=page 58, 67, 200, 201, 207
|treatment_page=page 206
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism atypical some measurement;whole-organism some measurement;whole-organism duration"><b>Perennials,</b> 2–20 (–30+) dm (rhizomatous or not).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="leaf position"><b>Leaves </b>usually mostly cauline (rarely mostly basal or basal and cauline);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf architecture;leaf architecture">sessile or petiolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;base shape;margin shape;apex shape;abaxial face relief;abaxial face pubescence;abaxial face pubescence;abaxial face pubescence;abaxial face pubescence;adaxial face relief;adaxial face pubescence;adaxial face pubescence">blades ovate, elliptic, lanceolate, oblanceolate, spatulate, linear, or filiform, bases usually ± cuneate (rounded-truncate in V. pulchella), margins usually toothed (rarely entire), apices acute to attenuate, abaxial faces usually ± scabrellous to strigillose or tomentose to pannose, sometimes glabrate or glabrous, usually resin-gland-dotted (sometimes ± pitted), adaxial faces ± scabrellous or glabrate, sometimes resin-gland-dotted (rarely pitted).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="head architecture or shape;head architecture;bract architecture;bract atypical quantity;bract quantity;array architecture;array diameter;array diameter"><b>Heads </b>discoid, ± pedunculate, not subtended by foliaceous bracts, (6–) 40–100+ in ± corymbiform to paniculiform arrays (6–) 10–25+ cm diam.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre diameter;involucre diameter"><b>Involucres </b>± campanulate to obconic or hemispheric, 3–8 (–11+) mm diam.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="phyllary quantity;series quantity;outer phyllary shape;inner phyllary shape;inner phyllary pubescence or texture;margin architecture or shape;margin pubescence;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;tip shape;face pubescence;face coloration"><b>Phyllaries </b>18–70+ in 4–7+ series, the outer ovate to lanceolate or subulate, inner ± lanceolate to oblong, all ± chartaceous, margins entire, often ciliolate, tips rounded (then sometimes apiculate), or acuminate, subulate, or filiform, faces glabrous or sparsely strigillose to tomentose, sometimes ± gland-dotted.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="floret atypical quantity;floret quantity"><b>Florets </b>9–30 (–65+);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;tube length or size;lobe quantity;lobe arrangement or course or shape;lobe variability">corollas usually purplish or pink (rarely white), tubes longer than funnelform throats, lobes 5, lance-linear, ± equal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="cypsela shape;cypsela course or shape;cypsela architecture or shape;cypsela pubescence;cypsela pubescence"><b>Cypselae </b>± columnar, sometimes arcuate, 8–10-ribbed, glabrous or ± strigillose to hirtellous, often resin-gland-dotted;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="pappus duration;pappus architecture or relief;outer quantity">pappi persistent, of 20–30+ outer, erose to subulate scales or bristles plus 20–40+ inner, longer, subulate to setiform scales or bristles.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="scale shape;scale position;scale length or size;scale shape;bristle shape;bristle quantity;bristle position;bristle length or size;bristle shape;x chromosome quantity">x = 17.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Mainly c;e North America;n Mexico;2–3 species in South America
|discussion=<p>Species 20 or so (17 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The circumscription of Vernonia adopted here follows that of H. Robinson (1999).</p><!--
--><p>Vernonias hybridize; almost every one of the species recognized here has been noted as sometimes hybridizing with one or more others. Putative hybrid plants are usually intermediate between parentals in some traits; such plants may not “key” satisfactorily to any of the species treated here. Some putative hybrids have been named. Vernonia guadalupensis is “without much doubt a hybrid of V. baldwinii Torrey and V. lindheimeri Engelmann & Gray” (L. H. Shinners 1950); V. vulturina Shinners (known only from the type collection) may be a product of V. baldwinii × V. marginata; V. ×georgiana Bartlett may refer to V. acaulis × V. angustifolia. Additional putative hybrids (S. B. Jones 1964) are V. ×concinna Gleason (V. ovalifolia × V. angustifolia), V. ×dissimilis Gleason (V. altissima × V. angustifolia), and V. ×recurva Gleason (V. pulchella × V. angustifolia).</p><!--
--><p>In the key and descriptions, “l/w = ” refers to lengths divided by widths for blades of leaves; lengths of phyllaries include subulate to filiform tips (if any).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=gleason1922b
|text=Gleason, H. A. 1922b. Vernonia. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora…. 47+ vols. New York. Vol. 33, pp. 52–95.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=jones1964a
|text=Jones, S. B. 1964. Taxonomy of the narrow-leaved Vernonia of the southeastern United States. Rhodora 66: 382–401.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=jones1978a
|text=Jones, S. B. and W. Z. Faust. 1978. Vernonia. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora…. 47+ volumes. New York. Ser. 2, part 10, pp. 180–195.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=shinners1950a
|text=Shinners, L. H. 1950. Notes on Texas Compositae. IV. Field & Lab. 18: 25–32.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Phyllary tips usually subulate to filiform, sometimes acuminate
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Phyllary tips usually acute to rounded or rounded-apiculate, seldom acuminate
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves mostly basal (cauline leaves much smaller with narrower blades)
|[[Vernonia acaulis|Vernonia acaulis]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves mostly cauline (basal leaves wanting at flowering or ± like cauline)
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Involucres 11–15 mm diam.; phyllaries (50–)60–70+; florets 50–100+
|[[Vernonia arkansana|Vernonia arkansana]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Involucres 4–8(–10) mm diam.; phyllaries 22–46(–60+); florets 12–45(–65)
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Involucres ± campanulate to obconic; florets 12–24(–30+)
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Involucres ± hemispheric; florets 30–45(–65)
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf blades (mid stem) lance-linear to filiform, 5–12 cm × 2–4(–8+) mm.
|[[Vernonia angustifolia|Vernonia angustifolia]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf blades (mid stem) oblanceolate to lance-linear, 3–7 cm × (5–)10–20+ mm
|[[Vernonia pulchella|Vernonia pulchella]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blade l/w = 2.5–3.5(–4); pappi stramineous to whitish, outer bristles or subulate scales intergrading with inner ones
|[[Vernonia glauca|Vernonia glauca]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blade l/w = (3.3–)4–6+; pappi fuscous to purplish, outer scales contrasting with inner bristles
|[[Vernonia noveboracensis|Vernonia noveboracensis]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Phyllaries densely sericeo-tomentose to pannose
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Phyllaries usually glabrous or puberulent to scabrellous (rarely sparsely arachno-tomentose)
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf blades adaxially densely sericeo-tomentose; florets 40–50+
|[[Vernonia larseniae|Vernonia larseniae]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf blades adaxially usually glabrate, sometimes sparsely arachno-tomentose; florets 12–24+
|[[Vernonia lindheimeri|Vernonia lindheimeri]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaf blades abaxially glabrate (and pitted; best seen at 10× or greater, pits containing awl-shaped hairs or glands 0.1–0.5+ mm)
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaf blades abaxially scabrellous, scaberulous, or puberulous to tomentose or pannose (not pitted)
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Involucres obconic to hemispheric; cypselae 2–3 mm
|[[Vernonia texana|Vernonia texana]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Involucres campanulate; cypselae 3–5 mm
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf blades 1–3+ mm wide; florets 10–12+
|[[Vernonia lettermannii|Vernonia lettermannii]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf blades (2.5–)5–20(–40) mm wide; florets (10–)15–25+
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Peduncles (3–)10–35 mm; involucres (7–)9–11 mm; phyllary tips ± acuminate; inner pappi 8–9+ mm
|[[Vernonia marginata|Vernonia marginata]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Peduncles 1–8(–12+) mm; involucres 5–7(–8+) mm; phyllary tips acute or rounded-apiculate; inner pappi 5–7+ mm
|[[Vernonia fasciculata|Vernonia fasciculata]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaf blades 2–8+ mm wide
|[[Vernonia blodgettii|Vernonia blodgettii]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaf blades 15–40(–75+) mm wide
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Stems glabrous
|[[Vernonia flaccidifolia|Vernonia flaccidifolia]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Stems puberulent to tomentose (sometimes glabrescent)
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Leaf blades abaxially usually scabrellous (with appressed, awl-shaped hairs), sometimes glabrescent, not or sparsely resin-gland-dotted
|[[Vernonia gigantea|Vernonia gigantea]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Leaf blades abaxially usually puberulous to tomentose or pannose (with ± erect, ± curled hairs), seldom glabrescent, conspicuously resin-gland-dotted
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Involucres broadly campanulate to urceolate, (6–)7–10+ × 5–9+ mm; (phyllaries seldom resin-gland-dotted); florets 30–55
|[[Vernonia missurica|Vernonia missurica]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Involucres broadly campanulate to hemispheric, 4–6(–8+) × 4–7+ mm; (phyllaries often resin-gland-dotted); florets (15–)20–25(–35+)
|[[Vernonia baldwinii|Vernonia baldwinii]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Vernonia
|author=John L. Strother
|authority=Schreber
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|distribution=Mainly c;e North America;n Mexico;2–3 species in South America
|reference=gleason1922b;jones1964a;jones1978a;shinners1950a
|publication title=Gen. Pl.
|publication year=1791
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V19_250.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Vernonieae
|genus=Vernonia
|abaxial face pubescence=resin-gland-dotted;glabrous;glabrate;tomentose;pannose
|abaxial face relief=scabrellous
|adaxial face pubescence=resin-gland-dotted;glabrate
|adaxial face relief=scabrellous
|apex shape=acute;attenuate
|array architecture=less corymbiform;paniculiform
|array diameter=10cm;25cm
|base shape=cuneate
|blade shape=filiform;linear;filiform;linear;spatulate;oblanceolate;lanceolate;elliptic;ovate
|bract architecture=foliaceous
|bract atypical quantity=6;40
|bract quantity=40;100
|bristle length or size=longer
|bristle position=inner
|bristle quantity=20;40
|bristle shape=subulate;setiform
|corolla coloration=pink;purplish
|cypsela architecture or shape=8-10-ribbed
|cypsela course or shape=arcuate
|cypsela pubescence=resin-gland-dotted;more or less strigillose;hirtellous
|cypsela shape=columnar
|face coloration=gland-dotted
|face pubescence=sparsely strigillose;tomentose
|floret atypical quantity=30;65
|floret quantity=9;30
|head architecture=pedunculate
|head architecture or shape=discoid
|inner phyllary pubescence or texture=chartaceous
|inner phyllary shape=less lanceolate;oblong
|involucre diameter=3mm;8mm
|involucre shape=less campanulate;obconic or hemispheric
|leaf architecture=petiolate;sessile
|leaf position=cauline
|lobe arrangement or course or shape=lance-linear
|lobe quantity=5
|lobe variability=equal
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|margin pubescence=ciliolate
|margin shape=toothed
|outer phyllary shape=ovate;lanceolate or subulate
|outer quantity=20;30
|pappus architecture or relief=erose
|pappus duration=persistent
|phyllary quantity=18;70
|scale length or size=longer
|scale position=inner
|scale shape=subulate;setiform
|series quantity=4;7
|tip shape=filiform;subulate;acuminate;rounded;filiform;subulate;acuminate;rounded;filiform;subulate;acuminate;rounded;filiform;subulate;acuminate;rounded
|tube length or size=longer
|whole-organism atypical some measurement=20dm;30dm
|whole-organism duration=perennial
|whole-organism some measurement=2dm;20dm
|x chromosome quantity=17
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Asteraceae tribe Vernonieae]]