View source for Viola pedunculata

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Viola pedunculata
|accepted_authority=Torrey & A. Gray
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Fl. N. Amer.
|place=1: 141. 1838
|year=1838
}}
|common_names=California golden violet;Johnny-jump-up;wild pansy
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Viola pedunculata subsp. tenuifolia
|authority=M. S. Baker & J. C. Clausen
|rank=subspecies
}}
|hierarchy=Violaceae;Viola;Viola pedunculata
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Violaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Viola]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Viola pedunculata]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 6
|mention_page=page 112, 118
|treatment_page=page 144
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–39 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem quantity;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem architecture;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;rhizome depth;rhizome location;rhizome size;root texture"><b>Stems </b>1–10+, decumbent, ascending, or erect, leafy proximally and distally, glabrous or puberulent, from shallow to deep-seated, enlarged rhizome with fleshy to subligneous roots.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf position"><b>Leaves </b>cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="stipule shape;stipule shape;stipule architecture or shape;margin shape;margin shape;apex shape">stipules ovate, linearlanceolate, or oblanceolate, sometimes leaflike, margins entire or glandular-toothed, apex acute to acuminate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole some measurement;petiole pubescence;petiole pubescence">petiole 2.7–7.2 cm, usually finely puberulent, sometimes glabrate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade length;blade width;base shape;base shape;base shape;base shape;base shape;margin shape;margin architecture or pubescence or shape;apex shape;surface pubescence;surface pubescence">blade deltate to ovate, 1–5.5 × 1–5.5 cm, base truncate, subcordate, or attenuate, margins crenate to serrate, ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces subglabrous or sparsely puberulent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="peduncle some measurement;peduncle pubescence"><b>Peduncles </b>2.9–20 cm, sparsely to densely puberulent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="sepal shape;margin pubescence;margin pubescence;auricle some measurement"><b>Flowers:</b> sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–3 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="petal coloration;petal position;petal quantity;petal coloration;petal position;petal quantity;petal coloration;petal position;petal quantity;petal pubescence;petal position;petal some measurement;spur coloration;spur shape;spur some measurement">petals golden yellow adaxially, upper 2 reddish-brown abaxially, lower 3 dark brown-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 10–20 mm, spur dark reddish-brown, gibbous, 2–4 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="style head pubescence">style head bearded;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower presence">cleistogamous flowers absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="capsule shape;capsule some measurement;capsule pubescence"><b>Capsules </b>ellipsoid, 5–11 mm, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="seed coloration;seed coloration;seed reflectance;seed some measurement;2n chromosome quantity"><b>Seeds </b>dark-brown or black, shiny, 2.7 mm. <b>2n</b> = 12.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering Feb–Apr.
|habitat=Open, grassy coastal and inland slopes and hillsides, usually in full sun, chaparral, foothill and oak woodland
|elevation=0–1000 m
|distribution=Calif.;Mexico (Baja California)
|discussion=<p>The stems of Viola pedunculata arise from an enlarged, subterranean, spongy or fibrous rhizome. Often, these rhizome structures are deep seated; it is unknown how they get so deeply buried. The anther appendages of V. pedunculata are hairy distally, a characteristic not known to occur in other members of the V. purpurea complex.</p><!--
--><p>Larvae of the federally listed Callippe silverspot butterfly [Speyeria callippe (Boisduval) callippe] feed only on Viola pedunculata.</p><!--
--><p>Plants with leaves reported to be smaller, thinner, deltate, mostly longer than wide, with yellow petals (versus orange for Viola pedunculata var. pedunculata), style 2.1 mm (versus 2.9 mm for var. pedunculata), from the Pinnacles region in San Benito County, California, have been called subsp. tenuifolia.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Viola pedunculata
|authority=Torrey & A. Gray
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Viola pedunculata subsp. tenuifolia
|basionyms=
|family=Violaceae
|phenology=Flowering Feb–Apr.
|habitat=Open, grassy coastal and inland slopes and hillsides, usually in full sun, chaparral, foothill and oak woodland
|elevation=0–1000 m
|distribution=Calif.;Mexico (Baja California)
|reference=None
|publication title=Fl. N. Amer.
|publication year=1838
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V6/V6_251.xml
|genus=Viola
|species=Viola pedunculata
|2n chromosome quantity=12
|apex shape=acute;obtuse
|auricle some measurement=1mm;3mm
|base shape=attenuate;subcordate;attenuate;subcordate;truncate
|blade length=1cm;5.5cm
|blade shape=deltate;ovate
|blade width=1cm;5.5cm
|capsule pubescence=glabrous
|capsule shape=ellipsoid
|capsule some measurement=5mm;11mm
|flower presence=absent
|flower reproduction=cleistogamous
|leaf position=cauline
|margin architecture or pubescence or shape=ciliate
|margin pubescence=eciliate;ciliate
|margin shape=crenate to serrate;glandular-toothed;entire
|peduncle pubescence=puberulent
|peduncle some measurement=2.9cm;20cm
|petal coloration=dark brown-veined;reddish-brown;golden yellow
|petal position=lowest;lateral;lower;upper
|petal pubescence=bearded
|petal quantity=2;3;2
|petal some measurement=10mm;20mm
|petiole pubescence=glabrate;puberulent
|petiole some measurement=2.7cm;7.2cm
|rhizome depth=shallow
|rhizome location=deep-seated
|rhizome size=enlarged
|root texture=fleshy;subligneous
|seed coloration=black;dark-brown
|seed reflectance=shiny
|seed some measurement=2.7
|sepal shape=lanceolate;ovate
|spur coloration=dark reddish-brown
|spur shape=gibbous
|spur some measurement=2mm;4mm
|stem architecture=leafy
|stem orientation=erect;ascending;erect;ascending;decumbent
|stem pubescence=puberulent;glabrous
|stem quantity=1;10
|stipule architecture or shape=leaflike
|stipule shape=oblanceolate;ovate
|style head pubescence=bearded
|surface pubescence=puberulent;subglabrous
|whole_organism architecture=not stoloniferous;caulescent
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=plant
|whole_organism some measurement=5cm;39cm
}}<!--

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