View source for Viola utahensis

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Viola utahensis
|accepted_authority=M. S. Baker & J. C. Clausen
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Leafl. W. Bot.
|place=5: 145. 1949
|year=1949
}}
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=E
|label=Endemic
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Violaceae;Viola;Viola utahensis
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Violaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Viola]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Viola utahensis]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 6
|mention_page=page 118, 122, 148, 153
|treatment_page=page 162
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–20 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem quantity;stem growth form or orientation;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem architecture;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;rhizome texture"><b>Stems </b>1–4, prostrate, decumbent, or erect, leafy proximally and distally, glabrate or sparsely puberulent, on caudex from subligneous rhizome.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position"><b>Leaves </b>basal and cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="basal leaf quantity">basal: 1–3;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="stipule fusion;wing quantity;margin shape;margin shape;apex fusion;apex shape;apex shape;process quantity;process shape">stipules adnate to petiole, forming 2 linearlanceolate wings, margins entire or laciniate with glandular-hairs, apex of each wing free, acute, sometimes divided into several filiform processes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="petiole atypical some measurement;petiole some measurement;petiole pubescence;petiole pubescence">petiole 2–8 (–12) cm, glabrate or sparsely puberulent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade length;blade width;base shape;base shape;base shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or pubescence or shape;apex shape;surface pubescence;surface pubescence">blade usually broadly ovate, sometimes ± orbiculate, 1–4.5 × 0.7–3.4 cm, base usually attenuate, rarely truncate or subcordate, margins ± coarsely crenate-serrate, ciliate, apex obtuse, surfaces glabrate or sparsely puberulent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="stipule shape;stipule shape;stipule arrangement or course or shape;margin shape;projection count or density;projection architecture;apex shape;apex shape;process quantity;process shape">cauline similar to basal except: stipules lanceolate or linearlanceolate to linear, margins ± entire or lacerate to laciniate with sparse gland-tipped projections, apex acute to acuminate, often divided into 2–4 filiform processes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="petiole some measurement">petiole 3–8.7 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="cauline leaf length;cauline leaf width;blade shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;apex shape">blade ovate to oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 0.7–1.6 × 2.6–3.7 cm, margins shallowly serrate, irregularly crenate, or ± entire, apex acute to obtuse.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="peduncle some measurement;peduncle pubescence;peduncle pubescence"><b>Peduncles </b>4–10 cm, glabrate or sparsely puberulent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="sepal shape;margin pubescence;margin pubescence;auricle some measurement"><b>Flowers:</b> sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–1.5 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="petal depth;petal coloration;petal position;petal quantity;petal position;petal quantity;petal coloration;petal position;petal quantity;petal position;petal quantity;petal coloration;petal position;petal quantity;petal pubescence;petal position;petal some measurement;spur coloration;spur shape;spur some measurement">petals deep lemon-yellow adaxially, upper 2 and sometimes lateral 2 reddish-brown to brownish purple abaxially, lower 3 and sometimes upper 2 dark brown-veined, lateral 2 sparsely bearded, lowest 10–13 mm, spur yellow, gibbous, 0.5–1.5 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="style head pubescence">style head bearded;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower position">cleistogamous flowers axillary.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="capsule shape;capsule some measurement;capsule pubescence;capsule pubescence"><b>Capsules </b>± spherical, 6–7 mm, glabrous or finely puberulent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="seed coloration;seed some measurement;2n chromosome quantity"><b>Seeds </b>brown, ca. 3 mm. <b>2n</b> = 24.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering May.
|habitat=Open sagebrush areas, semidesert slopes, grasslands, open forests
|elevation=1200–2600 m
|distribution=Colo.;Idaho;Nev.;Utah;Wyo.
|discussion=<p>Viola utahensis occurs only in areas where its closest relatives, V. vallicola and V. purpurea var. venosa, are also found and it appears to have originated from the crossing of those taxa followed by a doubling of the chromosomes (M. S. Baker 1949). The elaiosome of V. utahensis seeds has the same general appearance as those of other members of V. purpurea complex (except V. purpurea var. venosa), covering about one-third the length of the seed. G. Davidse (1976) found that tetraploid members of Clausen’s “subsect.” Purpurea (V. utahensis) have serrate leaf margins; diploid plants (V. purpurea) have crenate leaf margins. He also found that the size of V. utahensis plants is correlated with elevation, the largest plants at low elevations and the smallest at higher elevations.</p><!--
--><p>G. Davidse (1976) reported putative hybrids between Viola utahensis and V. praemorsa subsp. major (= var. linguifolia), V. purpurea var. venosa, and V. beckwithii.</p><!--
--><p>Observed pollinators of Viola utahensis in Utah include the bees Apis mellifera Linnaeus and Anthophora ursina Cresson (G. Davidse 1976). In other populations, flies in the genera Eristalis Latreille and Bombylius Linnaeus were observed indiscriminately visiting the yellow-flowered species V. praemorsa subsp. major, V. utahensis, and V. vallicola (Davidse).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Viola utahensis
|authority=M. S. Baker & J. C. Clausen
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Violaceae
|phenology=Flowering May.
|habitat=Open sagebrush areas, semidesert slopes, grasslands, open forests
|elevation=1200–2600 m
|distribution=Colo.;Idaho;Nev.;Utah;Wyo.
|reference=None
|publication title=Leafl. W. Bot.
|publication year=1949
|special status=Endemic
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V6/V6_294.xml
|genus=Viola
|species=Viola utahensis
|2n chromosome quantity=24
|apex fusion=free
|apex shape=acute;obtuse
|auricle some measurement=1mm;1.5mm
|basal leaf quantity=1;3
|base shape=subcordate;truncate;attenuate
|blade length=1cm;4.5cm
|blade shape=ovate;oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate
|blade width=0.7cm;3.4cm
|capsule pubescence=puberulent;glabrous
|capsule shape=spherical
|capsule some measurement=6mm;7mm
|cauline leaf length=0.7cm;1.6cm
|cauline leaf width=2.6cm;3.7cm
|flower position=axillary
|flower reproduction=cleistogamous
|leaf position=cauline;basal
|margin architecture or pubescence or shape=ciliate
|margin architecture or shape=crenate-serrate
|margin pubescence=eciliate;ciliate
|margin shape=entire;crenate;entire;crenate;serrate;less entire or lacerate;laciniate
|peduncle pubescence=puberulent;glabrate
|peduncle some measurement=4cm;10cm
|petal coloration=dark brown-veined;reddish-brown;brownish purple
|petal depth=deep
|petal position=lowest;lateral;upper;lower;lateral;upper
|petal pubescence=bearded
|petal quantity=2;2;3;2;2
|petal some measurement=10mm;13mm
|petiole atypical some measurement=8cm;12cm
|petiole pubescence=puberulent;glabrate
|petiole some measurement=3cm;8.7cm
|process quantity=2;4
|process shape=filiform;filiform
|projection architecture=gland-tipped
|projection count or density=sparse
|rhizome texture=subligneous
|seed coloration=brown
|seed some measurement=3
|sepal shape=lanceolate
|spur coloration=yellow
|spur shape=gibbous
|spur some measurement=0.5mm;1.5mm
|stem architecture=leafy
|stem growth form or orientation=prostrate
|stem orientation=erect;decumbent;erect;decumbent
|stem pubescence=puberulent;glabrate
|stem quantity=1;4
|stipule arrangement or course or shape=linear
|stipule fusion=adnate
|stipule shape=linearlanceolate;lanceolate
|style head pubescence=bearded
|surface pubescence=puberulent;glabrate
|whole_organism architecture=not stoloniferous;caulescent
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=plant
|whole_organism some measurement=5cm;20cm
|wing quantity=2
}}<!--

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