View source for Viola vallicola

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Viola vallicola
|accepted_authority=A. Nelson
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
|place=26: 128. 1899
|year=1899
}}
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=E
|label=Endemic
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Crocion vallicola
|authority=(A. Nelson) Nieuwland & Lunell
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Viola nuttallii subsp. vallicola
|authority=(A. Nelson) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde
|rank=subspecies
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=V. nuttallii var. vallicola
|authority=(A. Nelson) H. St. John
|rank=variety
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=V. physalodes
|authority=B. Boivin
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=V. russellii
|authority=Suksdorf
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=V. subsagittifolia
|authority=
|rank=species
}}
|hierarchy=Violaceae;Viola;Viola vallicola
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Violaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Viola]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Viola vallicola]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 6
|mention_page=page 118, 132, 140, 146, 163
|treatment_page=page 162
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–18 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem quantity;stem orientation;stem architecture;stem quantity;stem location;stem pubescence;rhizome orientation;rhizome texture"><b>Stems </b>1–5, decumbent or ascending to erect, leafy proximally and distally, ca. 1/2 subterranean, glabrate to puberulent, on caudex from usually vertical, subligneous rhizome.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position"><b>Leaves </b>basal and cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="basal leaf quantity">basal: 1–6;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="stipule fusion;wing quantity;margin architecture or shape;apex fusion;apex shape;process shape">stipules adnate to petiole, forming 2 linearlanceolate wings, margins entire, apex of each wing free, sometimes divided into filiform processes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="petiole some measurement;petiole pubescence;petiole pubescence">petiole 3–10 cm, glabrous or puberulent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade shape;blade length;blade width;base architecture or shape;base shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin shape;margin architecture or pubescence or shape;apex shape;surface pubescence;surface pubescence">blade ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5–4.3 × 0.9–1.1 cm, base usually truncate, sometimes attenuate, margins entire or serrulate, sometimes sinuate, ciliate (sometimes only on proximal 1/2 of leaf), apex acute to obtuse, surfaces glabrous or puberulent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="stipule arrangement or course or shape;margin architecture or shape;apex shape">cauline similar to basal except: stipules linear to linearlanceolate, margins ± entire, apex acute;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="petiole some measurement">petiole 1.5–9.2 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="cauline leaf length;cauline leaf width;cauline leaf l w ratio;blade shape;base shape;base shape;leaf life cycle;margin shape;apex shape">blade ovate or lanceolate to elliptic, 2.3–4 × 1–2 cm, length ca. 2.2 times width, base usually ± truncate to subcordate, sometimes attenuate on new leaves, margins sinuate, apex acute.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="peduncle some measurement;peduncle pubescence;peduncle pubescence"><b>Peduncles </b>3–11.5 cm, glabrous or puberulent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="sepal shape;margin pubescence;auricle some measurement"><b>Flowers:</b> sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="petal depth;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal position;petal quantity;petal coloration;petal position;petal quantity;petal coloration;petal position;petal quantity;petal pubescence;petal position;petal some measurement;spur coloration;spur shape;spur some measurement">petals deep lemon-yellow adaxially or on both surfaces, upper 2 often brownish purple abaxially, lower 3 dark-brown to brownish purple-veined, lateral 2 sparsely bearded, lowest 9–14 mm, spur yellow, gibbous, 0.8–1.2 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="style head pubescence">style head bearded;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower position">cleistogamous flowers axillary.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="capsule shape;capsule some measurement;capsule pubescence;capsule pubescence"><b>Capsules </b>spherical, ca. 5 mm, glabrous or finely puberulent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="seed coloration;seed some measurement;funiculus position relational"><b>Seeds </b>tan, 2.1–2.2 mm, elaiosome extending beyond and covering funiculus.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="2n chromosome quantity">2n = 12.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering late Mar–early Jul.
|habitat=Sagebrush flats, prairie grasslands, open forests, juniper woodlands
|elevation=400–2800 m
|distribution=B.C.;Sask.;Colo.;Kans.;Mont.;N.Dak.;S.Dak.;Wyo.
|discussion=<p>D. M. Fabijan et al. (1987) distinguished two varieties of Viola vallicola based on geographic location and type of leaf flavonoids: 1) var. major (Hooker) Fabijan, occurring west of the Continental Divide with leaf flavonoids primarily kaempferol derivatives; and 2) var. vallicola occurring east of the Continental Divide with leaf flavonoids all apigenin derivatives. Fabijan et al. reported that var. major (valley violet) occurs in sagebrush flats, prairie grasslands, open forests, juniper woodlands, 400–2800 m, in Alberta, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.</p><!--
--><p>M. S. Baker (1957) noted that there is only a tendency for leaves of Viola vallicola to be wide with truncate bases; on some plants only a few leaves are truncate. Images of type specimens at NY show truncate leaf bases for most basal and cauline leaves, with only some cauline leaves being attenuate. The key to V. vallicola in D. M. Fabijan et al. (1987) described the cauline leaf bases as truncate with some later cauline leaves becoming cuneate. G. Davidse (1976) stated that the V. vallicola plants he studied had cordate to truncate leaf bases; he made no distinction between basal and cauline leaves. Baker stated that V. vallicola may have given rise to V. nuttallii through a doubling of its chromosomes.</p><!--
--><p>Because intermediate leaf forms are found in areas where Viola vallicola and V. nuttallii are sympatric, some question the specific status of V. vallicola. No hybrids involving V. nuttallii and V. vallicola are known (D. M. Fabijan et al. 1987).</p><!--
--><p>V. Harms (pers. comm.) reported that Viola vallicola is frequent in southern Saskatchewan grasslands, usually occurring with V. nuttallii and appearing the more frequent of the two.</p><!--
--><p>Observed pollinators of Viola vallicola in the intermountain region include flies in the genera Bombylius Linnaeus and Eristalis Latreille (G. Davidse 1976).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Viola vallicola
|authority=A. Nelson
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Crocion vallicola;Viola nuttallii subsp. vallicola;V. nuttallii var. vallicola;V. physalodes;V. russellii;V. subsagittifolia
|basionyms=
|family=Violaceae
|phenology=Flowering late Mar–early Jul.
|habitat=Sagebrush flats, prairie grasslands, open forests, juniper woodlands
|elevation=400–2800 m
|distribution=B.C.;Sask.;Colo.;Kans.;Mont.;N.Dak.;S.Dak.;Wyo.
|reference=None
|publication title=Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
|publication year=1899
|special status=Endemic
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V6/V6_295.xml
|genus=Viola
|species=Viola vallicola
|2n chromosome quantity=12
|apex fusion=free
|apex shape=acute;acute;acute;obtuse
|auricle some measurement=0.5mm;1mm
|basal leaf quantity=1;6
|base architecture or shape=truncate
|base shape=attenuate;less truncate;subcordate
|blade length=1.5cm;4.3cm
|blade shape=lanceolate;elliptic
|blade width=0.9cm;1.1cm
|capsule pubescence=puberulent;glabrous
|capsule shape=spherical
|capsule some measurement=5
|cauline leaf l w ratio=2.2
|cauline leaf length=2.3cm;4cm
|cauline leaf width=1cm;2cm
|flower position=axillary
|flower reproduction=cleistogamous
|funiculus position relational=covering
|leaf life cycle=new
|leaf position=cauline;basal
|margin architecture or pubescence or shape=ciliate
|margin architecture or shape=entire;serrulate;entire;entire
|margin pubescence=eciliate
|margin shape=sinuate;sinuate
|peduncle pubescence=puberulent;glabrous
|peduncle some measurement=3cm;11.5cm
|petal coloration=dark-brown to brownish purple-veined;brownish purple;on both surfaces;lemon-yellow
|petal depth=deep
|petal position=lowest;lateral;lower;upper
|petal pubescence=bearded
|petal quantity=2;3;2
|petal some measurement=9mm;14mm
|petiole pubescence=puberulent;glabrous
|petiole some measurement=1.5cm;9.2cm
|process shape=filiform
|rhizome orientation=vertical
|rhizome texture=subligneous
|seed coloration=tan
|seed some measurement=2.1mm;2.2mm
|sepal shape=lanceolate
|spur coloration=yellow
|spur shape=gibbous
|spur some measurement=0.8mm;1.2mm
|stem architecture=leafy
|stem location=subterranean
|stem orientation=ascending;erect
|stem pubescence=glabrate;puberulent
|stem quantity=1/2;1;5
|stipule arrangement or course or shape=linear
|stipule fusion=adnate
|style head pubescence=bearded
|surface pubescence=puberulent;glabrous
|whole_organism architecture=not stoloniferous;caulescent
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=plant
|whole_organism some measurement=2cm;18cm
|wing quantity=2
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Viola]]