View source for Vitaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Vitaceae
|accepted_authority=Jussieu
|publications=
|common_names=Grape Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Vitaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Vitaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 4, 20
|treatment_page=page 3
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Vines </b>or lianas, occasionally shrubby [trees], synoecious, dioecious, or polygamomonoecious;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism growth form;structure architecture;structure architecture;structure duration;structure shape">commonly with multicellular, stalked, caducous, spheric structures (pearl glands);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="tendril presence;tendril presence">tendrils usually present, rarely absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>alternate, simple or palmately or pinnately compound;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="stipule presence">stipules present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="petiole presence">petiole present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade shape">blade often palmately lobed, margins dentate, serrate, or crenate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="margin architecture or shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin architecture;margin architecture">venation palmate or pinnate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="inflorescence reproduction;inflorescence reproduction;inflorescence position;inflorescence position;cyme position"><b>Inflorescences </b>bisexual or functionally unisexual, axillary or terminal and appearing leaf-opposed, cymes or thryses [spikes].</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower reproduction"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual or unisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="perianth position;androecium position">perianth and androecium hypogynous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="hypanthium presence">hypanthium absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="sepal atypical quantity;sepal quantity;sepal length">sepals 4–5 (–9), connate most or all of length;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="petal atypical quantity;petal atypical quantity;petal quantity;petal fusion;petal arrangement or dehiscence;petal fusion">petals (3–) 4–5 (–9), distinct (connate distally, forming calyptra, in Vitis) [connate basally], valvate, free;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="nectary position">nectary intrastaminal;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="stamen atypical quantity;stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity;petal arrangement;petal fusion">stamens (3–) 4–5 (–9), opposite petals, distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="anther dehiscence;slit dehiscence or orientation">anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="staminode presence;flower architecture">staminodes present in functionally pistillate flowers;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="pistil quantity;pistil architecture;ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary placentation;ovary arrangement">pistil 1, 2 [–3] -carpellate, ovary superior, 2 [–3] -locular, placentation axile, sometimes appearing parietal;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="ovule quantity;ovule orientation;ovule orientation">ovules 2 per locule, apotropous or anatropous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="style quantity">style 1;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="stigma quantity;stigma atypical quantity">stigma 1 [4].</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties=""><b>Fruits </b>berries.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="seed quantity"><b>Seeds </b>1–4 per fruit.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Eurasia;Africa;Indian Ocean Islands;Pacific Islands;Australia;primarily tropical and subtropical with a few genera in warm temperate to temperate regions
|discussion=<p>Genera 15, species ca. 900 (6 genera, 30 species in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>In the past decade, considerable effort has been made to reconstruct the phylogeny of Vitaceae (M. Rossetto et al. 2001, 2002; M. J. Ingrouille et al. 2002; A. Soejima and Wen J. 2006; Wen et al. 2007; Ren H. et al. 2011; A. Trias-Blasi et al. 2012; Lu L. M. et al. 2013; Wen et al. 2013b; Zhang N. et al. 2015). These analyses have generally supported five major clades within Vitaceae: the Ampelopsis clade, the Ampelocissus-Vitis clade, the Parthenocissus-Yua clade, the core Cissus clade, and the Cayratia-Cyphostemma-Tetrastigma clade.</p><!--
--><p>Placentation type and ovary locule number in Vitaceae have been interpreted in different ways. Most authors state that the gynoecium is bilocular and the placentation type is axile (for example, J. E. Planchon 1887; P. K. Endress 2010), but others report the gynoecium as unilocular and refer to the placentation type as parietal (V. Puri 1952; N. C. Nair and K. V. Mani 1960). Recent anatomical studies confirm that the ovary in Vitaceae is usually bilocular [occasionally trilocular in Cayratia, or unilocular in some species of Cyphostemma (Planchon) Alston, such as Cyphostemma sandersonii (Harvey) Descoings], and that the placentation is axile, although it may sometimes appear parietal (S. M. Ickert-Bond et al. 2014).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=brizicky1965a
|text=Brizicky, G. K. 1965. The genera of Vitaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 46: 48–67.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=ren2011a
|text=Ren, H. et al. 2011. Phylogenetic analysis of the grape family (Vitaceae) based on the noncoding plastid trnC-petN, trnH-psbA, and trnL-F sequences. Taxon 60: 629–637.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=soejima2006a
|text=Soejima, A. and Wen J. 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of the grape family (Vitaceae) based on three chloroplast markers. Amer. J. Bot. 93: 278-287.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=wen2007a
|text=Wen, J. 2007. Vitaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 10+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 9, pp. 467–479.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves 2–3-pinnately compound.
|[[Nekemias|Nekemias]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves simple or palmately compound.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Pith brown; petals connate distally, forming calyptra; bark exfoliating (adherent in Vitis rotundifolia).
|[[Vitis|Vitis]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Pith white; petals distinct; bark adherent.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Petals 4; stamens 4.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Inflorescences leaf-opposed; seeds 1(–4) per fruit.
|[[Cissus|Cissus]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Inflorescences axillary; seeds 2–4 per fruit.
|[[Causonis|Causonis]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Petals 5; stamens 5.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Tendrils 2-branched; nectaries cup-shaped, adnate proximally to base of ovary, free distally; styles elongate, cylindric.
|[[Ampelopsis|Ampelopsis]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Tendrils 3–12-branched; nectaries annular, adnate to base of ovary, or absent; styles short, conic.
|[[Parthenocissus|Parthenocissus]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Vitaceae
|author=Michael O. Moore†;Jun Wen
|authority=Jussieu
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Vitaceae
|illustrator=Alice Tangerini
|illustration copyright=Smithsonian Institution
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Eurasia;Africa;Indian Ocean Islands;Pacific Islands;Australia;primarily tropical and subtropical with a few genera in warm temperate to temperate regions
|reference=brizicky1965a;ren2011a;soejima2006a;wen2007a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V12/V12_39.xml
|androecium position=hypogynous
|anther dehiscence=dehiscing
|blade shape=lobed
|cyme position=leaf-opposed
|flower architecture=pistillate
|flower reproduction=unisexual;bisexual
|hypanthium presence=absent
|inflorescence position=terminal;axillary
|inflorescence reproduction=unisexual;bisexual
|leaf architecture=compound;or;simple
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|margin architecture=pinnate;palmate
|margin architecture or shape=dentate
|margin shape=crenate;serrate;crenate;serrate
|nectary position=intrastaminal
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=2[-3]-locular
|ovary arrangement=parietal
|ovary placentation=axile
|ovary position=superior
|ovule orientation=anatropous;apotropous
|ovule quantity=2
|perianth position=hypogynous
|petal arrangement=opposite
|petal arrangement or dehiscence=valvate
|petal atypical quantity=5;9
|petal fusion=distinct;free;distinct
|petal quantity=4;5
|petiole presence=absent
|pistil architecture=2[-3]-carpellate
|pistil quantity=1
|seed quantity=1;4
|sepal atypical quantity=5;9
|sepal length=connate
|sepal quantity=4;5
|slit dehiscence or orientation=longitudinal
|stamen atypical quantity=5;9
|stamen quantity=4;5
|staminode presence=absent
|stigma atypical quantity=4
|stigma quantity=1
|stipule presence=absent
|structure architecture=stalked;multicellular
|structure duration=caducous
|structure shape=spheric
|style quantity=1
|tendril presence=absent;absent
|whole_organism growth form=liana;shrubby;vine;shrubby
|whole_organism reproduction=polygamomonoecious;dioecious;polygamomonoecious;dioecious;synoecious;polygamomonoecious;dioecious;polygamomonoecious;dioecious;synoecious
}}<!--

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