View source for Xanthisma

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Xanthisma
|accepted_authority=de Candolle in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle, Prodr.
|place=5: 94. 1836
|year=1836
}}
|common_names=Sleepy-daisy
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Astereae;Xanthisma
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Astereae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Xanthisma]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek xanthos, yellow, and -i smos, condition or quality, alluding to bright yellow florets
|volume=Volume 20
|mention_page=page 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 17, 384, 394, 402
|treatment_page=page 383
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism duration;whole-organism duration;whole-organism some measurement;whole-organism duration;whole_organism growth form"><b>Annuals,</b> biennials, perennials, or subshrubs, 3–100 cm (taprooted, caudices woody, much branched [rhizomes]).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem architecture;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>erect, spreading, or sprawling, often much branched, glabrous or hispid to hispidulous, villous, or stipitate-glandular (especially distally).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position"><b>Leaves:</b> basal (sometimes persistent) and cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf architecture;leaf architecture">short-petiolate or sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade architecture;blade shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence">blades 1-nerved, lanceolate to oblanceolate or spatulate (bases tapering to clasping), margins entire, serrate, dentate, pinnatifid, or 2-pinnatifid (apices of blades, lobes, and teeth apiculate to bristle-tipped, bristles 1–4 mm), faces usually glabrous, hispid, hispidulous, or villous, sometimes also stipitate-glandular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="head architecture;head architecture;head arrangement;head arrangement;array architecture"><b>Heads </b>radiate or discoid, borne singly or in corymbiform arrays.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre shape;involucre shape;involucre shape;involucre shape;involucre length;involucre width"><b>Involucres </b>turbinate, campanulate, or hemispheric, (4–10 ×) 6–25 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="phyllarie quantity;phyllarie orientation;phyllarie orientation;phyllarie orientation;phyllarie orientation;phyllarie orientation;phyllarie architecture;phyllarie shape;phyllarie size;phyllarie fragility;phyllarie texture;series quantity;lamina shape;lamina size;base texture;margin texture;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence"><b>Phyllaries </b>26–80+ in 2–8 series, appressed, spreading, or reflexed, 1-nerved (flat to rounded), linear to narrowly oblong or lanceolate, or enlarged distally into ovate to orbiculate or depressed-elliptic laminae, unequal, stiff, leathery, bases indurate, margins sometimes scarious, (apices herbaceous or achlorophyllous) faces hispid to hispidulous, villous, and/or stipitate-glandular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="receptacle shape;receptacle relief;receptacle architecture"><b>Receptacles </b>flat to convex, pitted (pit borders usually laciniate or irregularly bristly, the teeth or setae 0.1–2+ mm), epaleate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="ray-floret presence;ray-floret quantity;ray-floret architecture;ray-floret reproduction"><b>Ray-</b>florets 0 (in X. grindelioides and 2 Mexican taxa) or 12–60+, pistillate, fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration or density;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration">corollas white, pink, red-purple, purple, or yellow.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="disc-floret quantity;disc-floret reproduction;disc-floret reproduction"><b>Disc-</b>florets 15–200+, bisexual, fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="corolla coloration;tube quantity;lobe quantity;lobe length;lobe shape">corollas yellow, tubes length 1/4–1/3 ± funnelform throats (usually glabrous), lobes 5, spreading, triangular (glabrous or sparsely puberulent, hairs fine, antrorse);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="style-branch appendage shape">style-branch appendages lanceolate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="cypsela growth form;cypsela shape;cypsela shape;cypsela shape;cypsela shape;cypsela shape;cypsela architecture or shape;face pubescence"><b>Cypselae </b>distinctly dimorphic (tan to redbrown or purple), ellipsoid to obovoid, oblong, or obscurely cordate, those of rays (if present) ± 3-sided, rounded abaxially, of disc compressed (thin or thick walled), 6–18-ribbed, faces silky (hairs antrorsely ascending to appressed);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="pappus duration;pappus quantity;pappus coloration;pappus shape;pappus architecture;series quantity">pappi persistent, of 30–90+ usually whitish to brown or reddish-brown, basally flattened (wider at overlapping bases), coarsely barbellate, apically attenuate bristles in 2–4 series.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="bristle shape;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = (2, 3, 4) 5.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=w North America;Mexico
|discussion=<p>Species 17 (9 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>As here circumscribed, Xanthisma includes four sections of Machaeranthera in the sense of R. L. Hartman 1990: Blepharodon, Sideranthus, Havardii, and Stenoloba. The last section, consisting of a single Mexican species, is treated here as a synonym of sect. Sideranthus. This grouping is well supported by molecular data (D. R. Morgan 1993, 1997, 2003; Morgan and Hartman 2003; Morgan and B. B. Simpson 1992). Although Xanthisma includes species with both cyanic (blue, purple, pink, or white) and yellow rays, several morphologic characteristics are shared by its members, including short, turbinate, thick-walled fruits that are moderately to densely silky, receptacular scales, leaves with marginal spines, and chromosome numbers based on x = 4 or 5, with a descending dysploid series in one taxon. Many of these species have, in fact, been grouped together at the generic or sectional level by earlier authors such as E. L. Greene (1894b), H. M. Hall (1928), L. H. Shinners (1950b), A. Cronquist and D. D. Keck (1957), J. C. Semple (1974), and Hartman (1976, 1990). The following key is based largely on data from Hartman (1976, 1990) and Semple.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inner phyllaries (at least) with proximal portion stalklike, abruptly enlarged into ovate to orbiculate or elliptic blade, 2–5 mm wide, apices acuminate to obtuse or broadly rounded, not bristle-tipped (Texas, s Oklahoma, e New Mexico) (sect. Xanthisma)
|[[Xanthisma texanum|Xanthisma texanum]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Phyllaries not markedly expanded distally, linear to broadly oblong or lanceolate, 1–2 mm wide, apices narrowly obtuse to long-attenuate, usually bristle-tipped
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Rays white, pink, purple, or lavender, or ray florets 0 (sect. Blepharodon)
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Rays yellow
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Ray florets 0 (n New Mexico and n Arizona to sw Canada)
|[[Xanthisma grindelioides|Xanthisma grindelioides]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Ray florets present
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants 2.5–14 cm; stems simple; basal leaves (rosettes) persistent; heads 1; (montane to alpine) Colorado, s Wyoming
|[[Xanthisma coloradoense|Xanthisma coloradoense]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants 15–40 cm; stems often branched distally; basal leaves usually withering by flowering; heads 1–10+; s New Mexico, w Texas, n Mexico
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaves usually finely or obscurely serrate or serrulate, usually with 12–25 teeth per side; peduncles hispid or hispidulous; s New Mexico, w Texas
|[[Xanthisma blephariphyllum|Xanthisma blephariphyllum]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaves serrate, often coarsely, with 5–14 teeth per side; peduncles stipitate-glandular; se New Mexico and w Texas; n Mexico
|[[Xanthisma gypsophilum|Xanthisma gypsophilum]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Annuals, taprooted; leaves serrate to dentate, teeth blunt or terminating in a stiff callosity, not bristle-tipped; phyllary apices obtuse to broadly acute, not bristle-tipped; cypselae oblong or narrowly ellipsoid, 18–22-nerved (barely discernible); se New Mexico, w Texas (sect. Havardii)
|[[Xanthisma viscidum|Xanthisma viscidum]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Perennials or subshrubs with branched caudices (if taprooted annuals then phyllary apices narrowly acute to acuminate, prominently bristle-tipped); leaves entire, pinnatifid, or deeply 2-pinnatifid, if serrate or dentate, teeth bristle-tipped; cypselae ellipsoid to broadly obovoid, ribs weak yet readily discernible; w North America, Mexico (sect. Sideranthus)
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Annuals, taprooted
|[[Xanthisma gracile|Xanthisma gracile]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Perennials or subshrubs, caudices branched, often woody
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Cauline leaves scalelike throughout; peduncle bracts imbricate, grading into phyllaries
|[[Xanthisma junceum|Xanthisma junceum]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Cauline leaves not scalelike at least proximal to midstems; peduncle bracts 0–3, leaflike, not grading into phyllaries
|[[Xanthisma spinulosum|Xanthisma spinulosum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Xanthisma
|author=Ronald L. Hartman
|authority=de Candolle in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=w North America;Mexico
|reference=None
|publication title=in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle, Prodr.
|publication year=1836
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V20_873.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Astereae
|genus=Xanthisma
|array architecture=corymbiform
|base texture=indurate
|blade architecture=1-nerved
|blade shape=lanceolate;oblanceolate or spatulate
|bristle shape=attenuate
|corolla coloration=yellow;yellow;purple;yellow;purple;pink;white
|corolla coloration or density=red-purple
|cypsela architecture or shape=6-18-ribbed
|cypsela growth form=dimorphic
|cypsela shape=compressed;rounded;ellipsoid;obovoid oblong or obscurely cordate
|disc-floret quantity=15;200
|disc-floret reproduction=fertile;bisexual
|face pubescence=silky;hispid;hispidulous villous and/or stipitate-glandular
|head architecture=discoid;radiate
|head arrangement=in corymbiform arrays;singly
|involucre length=[4mm;10mm
|involucre shape=hemispheric;campanulate;hemispheric;campanulate;turbinate
|involucre width=]6mm;25mm
|lamina shape=ovate;orbiculate or depressed-elliptic
|lamina size=unequal
|leaf architecture=sessile;short-petiolate
|leaf position=cauline;basal
|lobe length=spreading
|lobe quantity=5
|lobe shape=triangular
|margin architecture or shape=serrate;entire
|margin shape=2-pinnatifid;pinnatifid;2-pinnatifid;pinnatifid;dentate
|margin texture=scarious
|pappus architecture=barbellate
|pappus coloration=usually whitish;brown or reddish-brown
|pappus duration=persistent
|pappus quantity=30;90
|pappus shape=flattened
|phyllarie architecture=1-nerved
|phyllarie fragility=stiff
|phyllarie orientation=reflexed;spreading;reflexed;spreading;appressed
|phyllarie quantity=26;80
|phyllarie shape=linear;narrowly oblong or lanceolate
|phyllarie size=enlarged
|phyllarie texture=leathery
|ray-floret architecture=pistillate
|ray-floret presence=absent
|ray-floret quantity=12;60
|ray-floret reproduction=fertile
|receptacle architecture=epaleate
|receptacle relief=pitted
|receptacle shape=flat;convex
|series quantity=2;4
|stem architecture=branched
|stem orientation=sprawling;spreading;sprawling;spreading;erect
|stem pubescence=hispid;hispidulous villous or stipitate-glandular
|style-branch appendage shape=lanceolate
|tube quantity=1/4;1/3
|whole-organism duration=perennial;biennial;annual
|whole-organism some measurement=3cm;100cm
|whole_organism growth form=subshrub
|x chromosome quantity=5;4];3;[2
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Asteraceae tribe Astereae]]