View source for Zea ← Zea You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Zea |accepted_authority=L. |publications= |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae;Zea |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Zea]]</div></div> |volume=Volume 25 |mention_page= |treatment_page=page 696 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism growth form;inflorescence reproduction;inflorescence reproduction;spikelet architecture;spikelet position;spikelet architecture;spikelet position or shape">monoecious, inflorescences unisexual or bisexual with the pistillate spikelets basal and the staminate spikelets distal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="culm height;culm height;culm thickness;culm architecture or arrangement or growth form;culm architecture or arrangement or growth form;culm architecture;culm architecture;culm texture;culm texture"><b>Culms </b>(0.2) 0.5-6 m tall, 1-5 cm thick, solitary or several to many together, monopodial, often branching (branches frequently highly reduced and hidden within the subtending leaf-sheath), usually succulent when young, becoming woody with age;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="">lower nodes with prop-roots;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="">internodes pith-filled.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="leaf odor;cauline leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>not aromatic, cauline, distichous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="sheath architecture">sheaths open;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="auricle presence">auricles sometimes present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="ligule texture;ligule architecture or pubescence or shape">ligules membranous, shortly ciliate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="">blades 2-12 cm wide, flat.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="blade width;blade prominence or shape;blade architecture;blade architecture;inflorescence position or structure subtype"><b>Pistillate </b>or partially pistillate inflorescences terminal on axillary branches;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="inflorescence architecture;inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence position;inflorescence architecture;branch quantity">staminate inflorescences (tassels) paniculate, of 1-many branches or rames, sometimes with secondary and tertiary branching.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="whole-organism habitat;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture or arrangement or growth form;inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence arrangement or growth form;prophyll width;sheath width;sheath architecture"><b>WILD </b>TAXA: Pistillate inflorescences solitary, distichous rames (ears), these often tightly clustered in false panicles, each usually wholly or partially enclosed by a thin prophyll and an equally thin bladeless leaf-sheath;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="whole-organism habitat;spikelet quantity;rank quantity">rames composed of 5-15 spikelets in 2 ranks;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="whole-organism habitat;segment texture;segment reflectance">disarticulation in the rame axes, dispersal units (fruitcases) consisting of an indurate, shiny rame segment and its embedded spikelet.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="spikelet architecture;spikelet architecture or arrangement or growth form;spikelet architecture;floret quantity"><b>Pistillate </b>spikelets solitary, sessile, with 1 floret;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="pedicel prominence;spikelet architecture;spikelet prominence">pedicels and pedicellate spikelets suppressed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="lower glume texture;lower glume coloration;portion position;portion prominence;caryopsis position">lower glumes exceeding the floret, indurate on the central, exposed portion, hyaline on the margins, concealing the caryopses at maturity.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="whole-organism architecture or arrangement or growth form;inflorescence architecture;spike arrangement;branch size;sheath quantity;sheath architecture;prophyll quantity;prophyll architecture;spikelet quantity;row quantity;spikelet architecture"><b>DOMESTICATED </b>TAXON: Pistillate inflorescences solitary, polystichous spikes (ears) terminating reduced branches, each spike surrounded by several to many, often bladeless leaf-sheaths and a prophyll (husks), with 60-1000+ spikelets in 8-24 rows, neither spikes nor spikelets disarticulating at maturity.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="spikelet architecture;pair architecture;functional floret quantity"><b>Pistillate </b>spikelets in subsessile pairs, each spikelet with 1 functional floret;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="glume height or length or size;glume texture;glume coloration">glumes shorter than the spikelets, indurate basally, hyaline distally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="lower floret prominence">lower florets suppressed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="lemma coloration;palea coloration"><b>ALL </b>TAXA: lemmas and paleas hyaline, unawned;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="lodicule presence">lodicules absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="ovary pubescence">ovaries glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="style quantity;style architecture or arrangement or growth form;style fusion;style texture;side structure in adjective form">styles (silks) 2, appearing solitary by fused except at the very tip, filamentous, sides stigmatic.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s26" data-properties="caryopsis shape"><b>Caryopses </b>subspherical to dorsally compressed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s27" data-properties="hilum shape">hila round;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s28" data-properties="embryo quantity">embryos about 2/3 as long as the caryopses.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s29" data-properties="whole-organism habitat;panicle architecture;panicle position or structure subtype;inflorescence architecture"><b>WILD </b>TAXA: Staminate panicles terminal on the culms and primary branches, sometimes also on the secondary branches and pistillate inflorescences;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s30" data-properties="whole-organism habitat;whole-organism arrangement;axis architecture;spikelet architecture;layer life cycle;layer prominence">rames distichous, similar in thickness and structure, axes disarticulating below the sessile spikelets after pollination, abscission layers evident.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s31" data-properties="whole-organism position or structure subtype;panicle architecture;central axis width;central axis arrangement;lateral branch arrangement;lateral branch architecture;layer life cycle;spikelet architecture"><b>DOMESTICATED </b>TAXON: Staminate panicles terminal on the culms, central axes always much thicker than the lateral branches and irregularly polystichous, lateral branches distichous to more or less polystichous, not disarticulating, without abscission layers below the sessile spikelets.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s32" data-properties="spikelet architecture;pair architecture;floret quantity;floret architecture"><b>ALL </b>TAXA: Staminate spikelets in sessile-pedicellate pairs, each with 2 staminate florets;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s33" data-properties="glume texture;glume fragility;glume architecture;glume shape;keel architecture">glumes membranous to chartaceous, stiff to flexible, sometimes with a pair of winged keels, 5-14 (28) -veined, acute;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s34" data-properties="lemma coloration;palea coloration">lemmas and paleas hyaline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s35" data-properties="lodicule quantity">lodicules 2;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s36" data-properties="">anthers 3.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s37" data-properties="anther quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 10.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=Ga.;Va.;Conn.;R.I.;Calif.;Idaho;Oreg.;Wash.;Ala.;Ark.;Colo.;Iowa;Ill.;Ind.;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Mass.;Md.;Maine;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;Miss.;Mont.;N.C.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;Ohio;Pa.;Puerto Rico;S.C.;Tenn.;Tex.;Utah;Virgin Islands;Vt.;Wis.;W.Va.;Wyo.;Ont.;Que.;Fla.;Nebr.;Ariz.;Nev. |discussion=<p>Zea is an American genus of five species, four of which are native to montane Mexico and Central America. The fifth species, Z. nicaraguensis H.H. litis & B.F. Benz, is said to have been ubiquitous at one time in coastal Pacific Nicaragua, but is now known from only four or five small populations near sea level in seasonally flooded savannahs and riverine forests inland from the Bay of Fonseca, Nicaragua.</p><!-- --><p>The often weedy, wild taxa, known as 'teosinte', are used in plant breeding as well as in developmental and evolutionary studies. The genus has also been the focus of physiological and genetic research, mostly involving the domesticated taxon, Zea mays subsp. mays. Examples of such work include Barbara McClintock's Nobel prize-winning discovery that genes can "jump" from one chromosome to another, and recent work on the evolution of tassel morphology (e.g., Westerbergh and Doebley 2002).</p><!-- --><p>Zea mays subsp. mays, the most widespread taxon in the genus, was first domesticated about 7,000 years ago and soon became widely planted in the Americas. It is now grown in all warmer parts of the world and is the world's third most important crop plant. No other American grass has such agricultural importance.</p><!-- --><p>In the Flora region, Zea mays subsp. mays is widely grown commercially; Z. luxurians is sometimes grown for forage; while Z. diploperennis and Z. perennis, and the other subspecies of Z. mays, are almost completely confined to research plantings.</p> |tables= |references={{Treatment/Reference |id=a2002a |text=Westerbergh A. and J. F. Doebley. 2002. Morphological traits defining species differences in wild relatives of maize are controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci. Evolution 56:273-283. }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=doebley1980a |text=Doebley, J.F. and H.H. litis. 1980. Taxonomy of Zea (Gramineae). I. A subgeneric classification with a key to taxa. Amer. J. Bot. 67:982-993 }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=doebley1990a |text=Doebley, J.F. 1990. Molecular systematics of Zea (Gramineae). Maydica 35:143-150 }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=doebley1995a |text=Doebley, J.F., A. Stec, and C. Justus. 1995. Teosinte branchedl and the origin of maize: Evidence for epistatis and the evolution of dominance. Genetics 141:333-346 }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=eubanks2001a |text=Eubanks, M.W. 2001. The mysterious origin of maize. Econ. Bot. 55:492-514 }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=hitchcock1951d |text=Hitchcock, A.S. 1951 [title page 1950]. Manual of the Grasses of the United States, ed. 2, rev. A. Chase. U.S.D.A. Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 1051 pp. }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=litis1980a |text=litis, H.H. and J.F. Doebley. 1980. Taxonomy of Zea (Gramineae). II. Subspecific categories in the Zea mays complex and a generic synopsis. Amer. J. Bot. 67:996-1004 }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=litis2000a |text=litis, H.H. 2000. Homeotic sexual translocations and the origin of maize (Zea mays, Poaceae): A new look at an old problem. Econ. Bot. 54:7-42 }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=mcvaugh1983b |text=McVaugh, R. 1983. Flora Novo-Galiciana: A Descriptive Account of the Vascular Plants of Western Mexico, vol. 14: Gramineae (series ed. W.R. Anderson). University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. 436 pp. }} }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Pistillate inflorescences terete, with 2+ rows of paired spikelets, each spikelet with a functional floret, hence the spikelets in 4+ rank; staminate spikelets of wild taxa only slightly imbricate; lower glumes of the staminate spikelets flexible and translucent, loosely enclosing the upper glumes before anthesis, rounded on the back, the lateral veins not more prominent than those between, never forming winged keels; plants annual (sect. Zea) |[[Zea mays|Zea mays]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Pistillate inflorescences somewhat flattened, with 2 rows of solitary spikelets, hence the spikelets appearing 2-ranked; staminate inflorescences with densely imbricate spikelets; lower glumes of the staminate spikelets stiff, not translucent, strongly enclosing the upper glumes before anthesis, with more or less flat backs, the lateral veins evidently more prominent than those between, keeled and winged distally; plants annual or perennial (sect. Luxuriantes). |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Plants annual; lower glumes of the staminate spikelets narrowly winged; pistillate inflorescence units 1-many per node, usually enclosed by their subtending leaf sheaths, occasionally with 1-2 rames on naked peduncles that exceed the subtending leaf sheaths |[[Zea luxurians|Zea luxurians]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Plants perennial, rhizomatous; lower glumes of the staminate spikelets strongly winged; pistillate inflorescence units 1-4(5) per node, almost always exceeding the subtending leaf sheaths. |[[#key-0-3| > 3]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Rhizomes to 15 cm long, with internodes 0.2-0.6 cm long, often forming scaly, tuberous short shoots; culms to 3.5 m tall and 3 cm thick; leaf blades to 40 cm long and 4-5.5 cm wide |[[Zea diploperennis|Zea diploperennis]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Rhizomes to 40 cm long or more, with internodes 1-6 cm long, lacking tuberlike shoots; culms to 2.5 m tall and 1.5-2 cm thick; leaf blades often to 65(80) cm long and 2-4.5 cm wide |[[Zea perennis|Zea perennis]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Zea |author=Hugh H. litis; |authority=L. |rank=genus |parent rank=tribe |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Poaceae |distribution=Ga.;Va.;Conn.;R.I.;Calif.;Idaho;Oreg.;Wash.;Ala.;Ark.;Colo.;Iowa;Ill.;Ind.;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Mass.;Md.;Maine;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;Miss.;Mont.;N.C.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;Ohio;Pa.;Puerto Rico;S.C.;Tenn.;Tex.;Utah;Virgin Islands;Vt.;Wis.;W.Va.;Wyo.;Ont.;Que.;Fla.;Nebr.;Ariz.;Nev. |reference=a2002a;doebley1980a;doebley1990a;doebley1995a;eubanks2001a;hitchcock1951d;litis1980a;litis2000a;mcvaugh1983b |publication title= |publication year= |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V25/V25_1660.xml |subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae |tribe=Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae |genus=Zea |anther quantity=3 |auricle presence=absent |axis architecture=disarticulating |blade architecture=pistillate;pistillate |blade prominence or shape=flat |blade width=2cm;12cm |branch quantity=1;many |branch size=reduced |caryopsis position=concealing |caryopsis shape=subspherical;dorsally compressed |cauline leaf arrangement=distichous |central axis arrangement=polystichous |central axis width=always much thicker |culm architecture=branching;monopodial |culm architecture or arrangement or growth form=several to many;solitary |culm height=0.5m;6m |culm texture=woody;succulent |culm thickness=1cm;5cm |embryo quantity=2/3 |floret architecture=staminate |floret quantity=2;1 |functional floret quantity=1 |glume architecture=5-14(28)-veined |glume coloration=hyaline |glume fragility=stiff;flexible |glume height or length or size=shorter |glume shape=acute |glume texture=membranous;chartaceous |hilum shape=round |inflorescence architecture=pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;branching;staminate |inflorescence architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary |inflorescence arrangement=distichous;paniculate |inflorescence arrangement or growth form=clustered |inflorescence position=tertiary |inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal |inflorescence reproduction=bisexual;unisexual |keel architecture=winged |lateral branch architecture=not disarticulating |lateral branch arrangement=distichous;more or less polystichous |layer life cycle=abscission;abscission |layer prominence=evident |leaf odor=not aromatic |lemma coloration=hyaline;hyaline |ligule architecture or pubescence or shape=ciliate |ligule texture=membranous |lodicule presence=absent |lodicule quantity=2 |lower floret prominence=suppressed |lower glume coloration=hyaline |lower glume texture=indurate |ovary pubescence=glabrous |pair architecture=sessile-pedicellate;subsessile |palea coloration=hyaline;hyaline |panicle architecture=staminate;staminate |panicle position or structure subtype=terminal |pedicel prominence=suppressed |portion position=central |portion prominence=exposed |prophyll architecture=bladeless |prophyll quantity=several;many |prophyll width=thin |rank quantity=2 |row quantity=8;24 |segment reflectance=shiny |segment texture=indurate |sheath architecture=bladeless;bladeless;open |sheath quantity=several;many |sheath width=thin |side structure in adjective form=stigmatic |spike arrangement=polystichous |spikelet architecture=staminate;sessile;sessile;pistillate;disarticulating;pedicellate;sessile;pistillate;staminate;pistillate |spikelet architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary |spikelet position=basal |spikelet position or shape=distal |spikelet prominence=suppressed |spikelet quantity=60;1000 |style architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary |style fusion=fused |style quantity=2 |style texture=filamentous |whole-organism architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary |whole-organism arrangement=distichous |whole-organism habitat=wild;wild;wild;wild;wild |whole-organism position or structure subtype=terminal |whole_organism duration=perennial;annual |whole_organism growth form=plant |whole_organism reproduction=monoecious |x chromosome quantity=10 }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae]] Templates used on this page: Template:Poaceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Template:Treatment/Reference (view source) Return to Zea.