View source for Zigadenus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Zigadenus
|accepted_authority=Michaux
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Fl. Bor.-Amer.
|place=1: 213, plate 22. 1803
|year=1803
}}
|common_names=Death camas;zigadène
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Anticlea
|authority=Kunth
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Chitonia
|authority=Salisbury
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Cyanotris
|authority=Rafinesque
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Oceanoros
|authority=Small
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Toxicoscordion
|authority=Rydberg
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Tracyanthus
|authority=Small
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Liliaceae;Zigadenus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Liliaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Zigadenus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek zygos, yoke, and aden, gland, referring to the pair of glands on each tepal of the type species
|volume=Volume 26
|mention_page=page 14, 53, 54, 82, 88, 90, 303
|treatment_page=page 81
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form;alkaloid toxicity"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, subscapose, bulbous or rhizomatous, all parts containing toxic alkaloids;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="root architecture">roots contractile.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf quantity;leaf position;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture;distal leaf size;distal leaf architecture or shape"><b>Leaves </b>usually fewer than 10, mostly basal, alternate, simple, distal ones reduced and grading into floral bracts, sometimes completely sheathing at the base;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="margin arrangement;margin arrangement or course or shape;margin pubescence;margin architecture or shape">blade with venation parallel, linear, glabrous, margins entire.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence pubescence"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, racemose, corymbose, or paniculate, 5–125-flowered, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture;flower reproduction;flower architecture"><b>Flowers </b>usually bisexual, but often staminate on branches in panicles, protandrous, pedicellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="perianth position;perianth position;perianth coloration;perianth architecture;perianth diameter">perianth hypogynous or partly perigynous, white or cream colored to greenish or red tinged, actinomorphic, 0.5–2 cm diam.;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="tepal quantity;tepal fusion;nectary gland quantity;nectary gland prominence;nectary gland presence;nectary gland coloration;nectary gland position">tepals 6, often connate basally, each bearing 1 or 2, sometimes obscure to absent, yellow to green, adaxially basal nectary glands;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="stamen quantity;anther fixation;anther shape;anther dehiscence;anther dehiscence;anther dehiscence">stamens 6, anthers versatile, reniform, dehiscence transverse, extrorse or rarely introrse (Z. glaberrimus);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="ovary position">ovary partly inferior;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="pistil quantity;pistil shape;style quantity">pistil 1, with 3 styles, tapering from ovary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="stigma quantity;stigma size;stigma prominence;style character;flower architecture">stigmas 3, barely larger than diameter of style, rudimentary in staminate flowers;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="pedicel orientation;pedicel architecture;bract quantity;bract coloration;bract architecture;bract coloration;bract texture">pedicel ascending to spreading, bracteate, bracts 2, green to red and foliaceous or white and membranous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="section quantity;section shape;section architecture or shape"><b>Fruits </b>capsular, with 3 ellipsoid, beaked sections;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="fruit architecture;fruit dehiscence;fruit dehiscence">dehiscence septicidal, then adaxially loculicidal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>2–20 per capsule, elongate, twisted and flattened at ends.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="seed quantity;seed shape;seed architecture;seed shape;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 8, 11, 26.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America including Mexico;Central America;e Asia (Japan);e Asia (e Siberia)
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 18–22 (14 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The generic name was spelled Zigadenus by Michaux, but subsequently was often rendered as “Zygadenus,” presumably to reflect the Greek word roots more clearly. However, the original spelling has priority over that orthographic variant (W. B. Zomlefer 1997b).</p><!--
--><p>As broadly circumscribed here, Zigadenus is polyphyletic (W. B. Zomlefer 1997b; W. B. Zomlefer et al. 2001) and this complex has had a complicated taxonomic and nomenclatural history (R. R. Gates 1918; O. S. Walsh 1940; S. J. Preece 1956; F. C. Schwartz 1994; W. B. Zomlefer 1997b). Numerous, variously defined segregates have been recognized, including Anticlea, Chitonia, Cyanotris, Oceanoros, Toxicoscordion, and Tracyanthus. Zigadenus shows morphological similarities to both Stenanthium (including Stenanthella Rydberg) and Amianthium.</p><!--
--><p>The common name “death camas” is derived from the illness or death resulting from ingesting bulbs of Zigadenus that were mistaken for the edible ones of Camassia, an unrelated plant. Many alkaloids found in Veratrum have been isolated from most species of Zigadenus (W. B. Zomlefer 1997b; G. E. Burrows and R. J. Tyrl 2001), including zygadenine and zygacine (T. J. Gilbertson 1973; J. B. Harborne and H. Baxter 1993). All fresh parts of the plant (leaves, bulbs, flowers) are toxic. Dried parts (especially seeds and capsules) are even more potent, presumably because the alkaloids are more concentrated. Ingestion of Zigadenus by humans may result in severe illness and occasionally death even for adults. Livestock (sheep and cattle) poisoning is a serious problem in some rangeland areas of the western United States (C. D. Marsh and A. B. Clawson 1922; V. J. Tepidino 1982). Native Americans used these plants for their analgesic, antirheumatic, and emetic properties, as dermatological and orthopedic aids, and as a snake-bite remedy (D. E. Moerman 1986).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants rhizomatous; tepals with 2 glands.
|[[Zigadenus glaberrimus|Zigadenus glaberrimus]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants bulbose; tepals with 1, sometimes obscure, gland.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Perianth partly perigynous, tepal gland obcordate.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Perianth hypogynous, tepal gland obovate or obscure.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Perianth rotate to rotate-campanulate; pedicel erect or ascending at anthesis; tepals white or cream colored to greenish.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Perianth campanulate; pedicel recurved at anthesis; tepals greenish, sometimes tinged with purple.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Proximal stem with persistent leaf bases; tepals white.
|[[Zigadenus vaginatus|Zigadenus vaginatus]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Proximal stem without persistent leaf bases; tepals cream colored to greenish.
|[[Zigadenus elegans|Zigadenus elegans]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Tepals 4–6 mm.
|[[Zigadenus virescens|Zigadenus virescens]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Tepals 12–16 mm.
|[[Zigadenus mogollonensis|Zigadenus mogollonensis]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Tepal gland obscure; tepals narrowed at base but not sharply contracted.
|[[Zigadenus densus|Zigadenus densus]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Tepal gland prominent; inner and sometimes outer tepals strongly contracted at base into claw.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Bracts less than 1/2 length of corresponding pedicel; filaments thin and curved; capsules rounded, ca. 1/2 as wide as long.
|[[Zigadenus brevibracteatus|Zigadenus brevibracteatus]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Bracts 1/3–3 times length of corresponding pedicel; filaments thickened proximally and straight; capsules elongate, usually less than 1/2 as wide as long.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Bulbs often clumped; outer tepals often persistently reflexed below mature capsule; Sierra Nevada foothills.
|[[Zigadenus exaltatus|Zigadenus exaltatus]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Bulbs not clumped; outer tepals not persistently reflexed below mature capsule; elsewhere than Sierra Nevada foothills.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Inflorescences broad; perianth rotate.
|[[Zigadenus fremontii|Zigadenus fremontii]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Inflorescences narrow, often pyramidal in early anthesis; perianth ± campanulate.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Filaments shorter than tepals.
|[[Zigadenus fontanus|Zigadenus fontanus]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Filaments equaling or longer than tepals.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Distal margins of tepal gland obscure; outer tepals obtuse at apex.
|[[Zigadenus nuttallii|Zigadenus nuttallii]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Distal margins of tepal gland usually evident and often toothed; outer tepals often acute at apex.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Proximal branches of inflorescences diverging from main axis at 60°–90° when in fruit.
|[[Zigadenus micranthus|Zigadenus micranthus]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Proximal branches of inflorescences diverging from main axis at 10°–60° when in fruit.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Inflorescences paniculate; outer tepals usually not clawed.
|[[Zigadenus paniculatus|Zigadenus paniculatus]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Inflorescences racemose, or paniculate with only 1 or 2 branches; outer tepals often clawed.
|[[Zigadenus venenosus|Zigadenus venenosus]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Zigadenus
|author=Fayla C. Schwartz
|authority=Michaux
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Anticlea;Chitonia;Cyanotris;Oceanoros;Toxicoscordion;Tracyanthus
|basionyms=
|family=Liliaceae
|distribution=North America including Mexico;Central America;e Asia (Japan);e Asia (e Siberia)
|reference=None
|publication title=Fl. Bor.-Amer.
|publication year=1803
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V26/V26_73.xml
|genus=Zigadenus
|alkaloid toxicity=toxic
|anther dehiscence=introrse;extrorse;transverse
|anther fixation=versatile
|anther shape=reniform
|bract architecture=foliaceous
|bract coloration=white;green;red
|bract quantity=2
|bract texture=membranous
|distal leaf architecture or shape=sheathing
|distal leaf size=reduced
|flower architecture=staminate;pedicellate;staminate
|flower reproduction=protandrous;bisexual
|fruit architecture=capsular
|fruit dehiscence=loculicidal;septicidal
|inflorescence architecture=5-125-flowered
|inflorescence arrangement=paniculate;corymbose;paniculate;corymbose;racemose
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|inflorescence pubescence=glabrous
|leaf architecture=simple
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf position=basal
|leaf quantity=0;10
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|margin arrangement=parallel
|margin arrangement or course or shape=linear
|margin pubescence=glabrous
|nectary gland coloration=yellow;green
|nectary gland position=basal
|nectary gland presence=absent
|nectary gland prominence=obscure
|nectary gland quantity=1
|ovary position=inferior
|pedicel architecture=bracteate
|pedicel orientation=ascending;spreading
|perianth architecture=actinomorphic
|perianth coloration=cream colored;greenish or red tinged
|perianth diameter=0.5cm;2cm
|perianth position=perigynous;hypogynous
|pistil quantity=1
|pistil shape=tapering
|root architecture=contractile
|section architecture or shape=beaked
|section quantity=3
|section shape=ellipsoid
|seed architecture=twisted
|seed quantity=2;20
|seed shape=flattened;elongate
|stamen quantity=6
|stigma prominence=rudimentary
|stigma quantity=3
|stigma size=barely larger
|style character=diameter
|style quantity=3
|tepal fusion=connate
|tepal quantity=6
|whole_organism architecture=rhizomatous;bulbous;subscapose
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|x chromosome quantity=26;11;8
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Liliaceae]]