View source for Zizania

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Zizania
|accepted_authority=L.
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Ehrhartoideae;Poaceae tribe Oryzeae;Zizania
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Ehrhartoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Oryzeae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Zizania]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 24
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 47
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="">aquatic, usually rooted in the substrate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="">sometimes rhizomatous or stoloniferous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form or habitat;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism growth form">monoecious.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="culm some measurement;culm orientation;culm location;culm location"><b>Culms </b>to 5 m, erect and emergent or floating.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="leaf arrangement or density;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>concentrated on the lower portion of the stem or evenly distributed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="sheath architecture;sheath shape">sheaths open, not inflated;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="ligule texture;ligule texture;ligule pubescence">ligules membranous or scarious, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="pseudopetiole presence">pseudopetioles absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="blade prominence or shape;blade location;blade location;blade pubescence or relief;blade architecture or pubescence or relief">blades flat, aerial or floating, scabrous or smooth.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties=""><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal panicles;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="branch reproduction;lower branch architecture;upper branch architecture;spikelet architecture;spikelet architecture">branches usually unisexual, lower branches staminate, upper branches pistillate, middle branches sometimes with staminate and pistillate spikelets intermixed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="">pedicel apices cupulate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="pedicel apex shape;strain condition">disarticulation beneath the spikelets, in cultivated strains disarticulation delayed, the spikelets tending not to shatter until harvested.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="spikelet reproduction;floret quantity"><b>Spikelets </b>unisexual, with 1 floret.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="glume presence"><b>Glumes </b>absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="callus prominence">calluses inconspicuous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="lemma architecture">lemmas 5-veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="palea architecture">paleas 3-veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="lodicule quantity;lodicule texture">lodicules 2, membranous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="spikelet architecture;spikelet orientation;spikelet shape;spikelet shape"><b>Staminate </b>spikelets pendant, terete or appearing so;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="lemma texture">lemmas membranous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="palea texture">paleas membranous, loosely enclosing the stamens;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="anther quantity">anthers 6.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="spikelet architecture;spikelet shape"><b>Pistillate </b>spikelets terete;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="lemma texture;lemma texture;margin shape or vernation;margin architecture or fixation;apex shape;apex architecture or shape;awn position or structure subtype;awn size;awn relief">lemmas chartaceous or coriaceous, margins involute and clasping the margins of the paleas, apices acute to acuminate, sometimes awned, awns terminal, slender, scabridulous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s26" data-properties="style quantity;base fusion;stigma position;stigma shape">styles 2, bases not fused, stigmas laterally exserted, plumose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s27" data-properties="caryopse shape"><b>Caryopses </b>cylindrical;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s28" data-properties="embryo arrangement or course or shape">embryos linear, often as long as the caryopses;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s29" data-properties="hilum arrangement or course or shape;x chromosome quantity">hila linear, x = 15.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Wis.;Ariz.;Idaho;Minn.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Ohio;S.Dak.;W.Va.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Tex.;La.;Iowa;Kans.;Pa.;Ala.;Ark.;Ga.;Ill.;Md.;Mo.;Miss.;N.C.;S.C.;D.C;Va.;Colo.;Calif.;Ind.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Mich.;Mont.;Oreg.;Tenn.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Ky.
|discussion=<p>Zizania includes three North American and one eastern Asian species. Zizania aquatica and Z. palustris are important constituents of aquatic plant communities in North America, providing food and shelter for numerous animal species. Zizania palustris is also an important food source for humans. Zizania texana is federally listed as an endangered species in the United States. Zizania latifolia, an Asian species, is available through horticultural outlets despite its potential for harboring a fungus that would devastate the native species (for additional information, see the comment following the species description).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=aiken1988a
|text=Aiken, S.G., P.F. Lee, D. Punter, and J.M. Stewart. 1988. Wild Rice in Canada. Agriculture Canada Publication 1830. NC Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 130 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=dore1969a
|text=Dore, W.G. 1969. Wild Rice. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication No. 1393. Information Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 84 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=duvall1988a
|text=Duvall, M.R. and D.D. Biesboer. 1988. Nonreciprocal hybridization failure in crosses between annual wild-rice species (Zizania palustris x Z. aquatica: Poaceae). Syst. Bot. 13:229-234
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=liu2006b
|text=Liu, L. and S.M. Phillips. 2006. Zizania. Pp. 187-188 in Z.-Y. Wu, P.H. Raven, and D.-Y. Hong (eds.). Flora of China, vol. 22 (Poaceae). Science Press, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. 653 pp. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume22/index.htm/
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=terrell1978a
|text=Terrell, E.E., W.H.P. Emery, and H.E. Beaty. 1978. Observations on Zizania texana (Texas wildrice), an endangered species. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 105:50-57
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=terrell1982a
|text=Terrell, E.E. and L.R. Batra. 1982. Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta, a grass-fungus association. Econ. Bot. 36:274-285
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=terrell1997a
|text=Terrell, E.E., P.M. Peterson, J.L. Reveal, and M.R. Duvall. 1997. Taxonomy of North American species of Zizania (Poaceae). Sida 17:533-549
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=walkato2002a
|text=Environment Walkato. 2002-2007. Regional Pest Management Strategy. Walkato Regional Council, Hamilton East, New Zealand, http://www.ew.govt.nz/policyandplans/rpmsintro/rpms2002/operative5.2.7.htm/
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=warwick1986a
|text=Warwick, S.I. and S.G. Aiken. 1986. Electrophoretic evidence for the recognition of two species in annual wild rice (Zizania, Poaceae). Syst. Bot. 11:464-473.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Culms decumbent, completely immersed or the upper parts of the culm emergent; known only from the San Marcos River in Hays County, Texas
|[[Zizania texana|Zizania texana]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Culms usually erect at maturity, rarely completely immersed; plants not known from Texas.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants rhizomatous, perennial; middle branches of the panicles with both staminate and pistillate spikelets, other branches with either staminate or pistillate spikelets; plants cultivated as ornamentals
|[[Zizania latifolia|Zizania latifolia]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants without rhizomes, annual; all panicle branches unisexual, with either staminate or pistillate spikelets; plants native and widespread, also cultivated for grain.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Lemmas of the pistillate spikelets flexible and chartaceous, dull or sublustrous, bearing short, scattered hairs, these not or only slightly more dense towards the apices; aborted pistillate spikelets 0.4-1 mm wide; pistillate inflorescence branches usually divaricate at maturity
|[[Zizania aquatic|Zizania aquatic]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Lemmas of the pistillate spikelets stiff and coriaceous or indurate, lustrous, glabrous or with lines of short hairs, the apices more densely hairy; aborted pistillate spikelets 0.6-2.6 mm wide; pistillate inflorescence branches usually appressed at maturity, or with 1 to few, somewhat spreading branches
|[[Zizania palustris|Zizania palustris]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Zizania
|author=Edward E. Terrell;
|authority=L.
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Wis.;Ariz.;Idaho;Minn.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Ohio;S.Dak.;W.Va.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Tex.;La.;Iowa;Kans.;Pa.;Ala.;Ark.;Ga.;Ill.;Md.;Mo.;Miss.;N.C.;S.C.;D.C;Va.;Colo.;Calif.;Ind.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Mich.;Mont.;Oreg.;Tenn.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Ky.
|reference=aiken1988a;dore1969a;duvall1988a;liu2006b;terrell1978a;terrell1982a;terrell1997a;walkato2002a;warwick1986a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V24/V24_48.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Ehrhartoideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Oryzeae
|genus=Zizania
|anther quantity=6
|apex architecture or shape=awned
|apex shape=acute;acuminate
|awn position or structure subtype=terminal
|awn relief=scabridulous
|awn size=slender
|base fusion=not fused
|blade architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|blade location=floating;aerial
|blade prominence or shape=flat
|blade pubescence or relief=scabrous
|branch reproduction=unisexual
|callus prominence=inconspicuous
|caryopse shape=cylindrical
|culm location=floating;emergent
|culm orientation=erect
|culm some measurement=0m;5m
|embryo arrangement or course or shape=linear
|floret quantity=1
|glume presence=absent
|hilum arrangement or course or shape=linear
|leaf arrangement=distributed
|leaf arrangement or density=concentrated
|lemma architecture=5-veined
|lemma texture=coriaceous;chartaceous;membranous
|ligule pubescence=glabrous
|ligule texture=scarious;membranous
|lodicule quantity=2
|lodicule texture=membranous
|lower branch architecture=staminate
|margin architecture or fixation=clasping
|margin shape or vernation=involute
|palea architecture=3-veined
|palea texture=membranous
|pedicel apex shape=cupulate
|pseudopetiole presence=absent
|sheath architecture=open
|sheath shape=not inflated
|spikelet architecture=pistillate;staminate;pistillate;staminate
|spikelet orientation=pendant
|spikelet reproduction=unisexual
|spikelet shape=terete;appearing;terete
|stigma position=exserted
|stigma shape=plumose
|strain condition=cultivated
|style quantity=2
|upper branch architecture=pistillate
|whole_organism architecture=stoloniferous;rhizomatous;rooted
|whole_organism duration=perennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=plant
|whole_organism growth form or habitat=aquatic
|whole_organism reproduction=monoecious
|x chromosome quantity=15
}}<!--

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