abaxially. Inflorescences 2–15-flowered cymes (staminate) or solitary flowers (pistillate, rarely staminate). Pedicels accrescent in fruit [or not], slender
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distinct or connate basally; bracteoles 0. Pedicels: staminate present, pistillate absent. Staminate flowers: sepals 4, valvate in bud, apically connivent
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proximally pistillate, distally staminate, often with intermediate transitional zone of bisexual flowers. Flowers 4-merous, staminate petals persistent or caducous
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paniculate, 5–125-flowered, glabrous. Flowers usually bisexual, but often staminate on branches in panicles, protandrous, pedicellate; perianth hypogynous
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slightly sulcate, apices rounded to attenuate; lower florets sterile or staminate; lower lemmas similar to the upper glumes; lower paleas absent, or shorter
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amphistomatous), 1.2–7 times as long as wide, adaxial surface not glaucous. Staminate flowers: filaments glabrous or hairy. Pistillate flowers: adaxial nectary
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pith circular to remotely triangular in cross-section. Leaves 2-ranked. Staminate flowers: perianth absent. Pistillate flowers 2 per bract; perianth adnate
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opposite or alternate, sessile; blade ovate to linear, small, entire. Staminate flowers in axillary glomerules. Fruiting bracteoles monomorphic, sessile
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proximal cyme several-flowered, distal cyme vestigial or with 1–several staminate flowers; spathes often filled with mucilaginous liquid, margins distinct
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narrower, thinner than involucral-bracts, often scarious. Flowers mostly with staminate and pistillate on same plants, 2–3-merous; sepals 2 (–3), adnate to stipelike
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spathe; spathe a 2-fid bract or pair of opposite bracts. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same plants or on different plants, often with rudiments
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Ulmus) or of current season (e.g., Celtis). Flowers bisexual or unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same [different] plants; sepals persistent, (1-) 5 (-9)
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occasionally longer, sterile or staminate, with 1 floret, often disarticulating as the rame matures; lemmas present in staminate spikelets, hyaline, unawned
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unisexual, rarely bisexual, staminate and pistillate flowers usually on different plants, infrequently on same plants. Staminate flowers: stamens (2-) 3-12
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axillary, lax, of cymes arranged in racemes or panicles. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate flowers in loose to tight clusters in separate inflorescences
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congested to remote along an often zigzag simple or branched rachis; staminate heads deciduous but rachis often persistent, distal to pistillate heads
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oblong, flat to concave most of lengths (not enclosing florets); wings 0. Staminate or bisexual paleae readily falling (coherent with pistillate), (1–) 3–5
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Mentioned on page 410, 411, 426, 429. Plants monoecious (in some species staminate flowers rare). Stems ascending, prostrate, or erect, not fleshy (fleshy
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branches usually unisexual, lower branches staminate, upper branches pistillate, middle branches sometimes with staminate and pistillate spikelets intermixed;
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enclosing a floret, outermost open in 2 spp.); wings ± erect (apical). Staminate paleae readily falling, mostly 2–4, erect in fruit (not enlarged), shorter
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