Treatment on page 320. Mentioned on page 381. Plants minute and gregarious, or larger, forming compact tufts and cushions, unbranched to rarely 2–3-branched,
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Trees, rarely shrubs, deciduous, with gray or brownish bark. Terminal buds larger than lateral buds. Leaves alternate [or opposite], aromatic, usually odd
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or lateral; perichaetial leaves same size as vegetative leaves or usually larger, sometimes forming rosette, inner leaves usually highly differentiated,
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gymnostomous, or peristomate; annulus, when present, usually of 2–3 rows of larger cells, commonly revoluble; peristome, when present, single, of 16 simple
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semiterete or strongly flattened, with (2–) 3–15 adaxial cells near base, much larger than abaxial cells, often excurrent as an awn, awn smooth, or toothed or
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only 1 basal megasporangium in S. kraussiana), seldom with megasporophylls larger than microsporophylls, in 4 alternating ranks, with or without prominent
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connate; petals either 6 in 2 unequal whorls of 3 with petals of outer whorl larger, petals of inner whorl fleshier than the outer, often with corrugate nectary
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cross-section with undifferentiated incrassate cells, or sometimes thin-walled larger cells above and below central incrassate cells; laminal areolation uniform
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Stems with hollow center and series of small carinal (under the ridges) and larger vallecular (under the valleys) canals. Leaves in whorls, fused part of length
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exfoliating. Leaves cauline, 0.3–9 cm, fascicles of small leaves often present in larger leaf-axils; blade margins entire or subentire, serrate, or serrulate, sometimes
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gonioautoicous or dioicous; perichaetial leaves commonly differentiated, larger, convolute-sheathing. Sporophytes terminal on an elongate gametophytic stalk
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often homomallous, usually imbricate, concave, stem-leaves often somewhat larger than branch leaves; margins entire, serrulate, or subentire; apex usually
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elliptic, lanceolate, or oblong (basal and cauline, basal usually notably larger than cauline, cauline mostly sessile) Wyethia 14 Leaves mostly orbiculate
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(less than 1/5 their lengths in P. wallichii), petaloid, dimorphic, outer larger than inner; stamens 5–8, filaments distinct or connate basally, outer ones
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lyrate-pinnate, or odd-pinnate (commonly with smaller leaflets intermixed with larger ones); stipules often conspicuous, ± free or adnate to petiole or blade
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World Cirsium species was greatly affected by the events of the Quaternary. Large areas were glaciated and other areas were vastly different during glacial
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or distinct and/or free; petals 3, median petal modified as lip, commonly larger or differing in form and color, lateral petals commonly but not always similar
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broadly triangular to ovate, ecostate, apex acuminate, the distal becoming larger, linear, lanceolate, or ligulate, with or without shoulders, margins distal
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semi-open, or closed; tepals ± monomorphic, outer tepals equaling or somewhat larger than inner, (dimorphic, with outer tepals shorter than inner in P. heterosepalum)
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arborescent forms. Bark thin, cracking longitudinally (shallowly furrowed in larger trees of Asimina triloba). Shoots: secondary branching sparse to copious
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