disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the florets. Glumes usually unequal, sometimes subequal to equal, usually distinctly shorter than the lowest lemma in the spikelets
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adaxial surface of styles, roughened to papillate (30×). Capsules oblong or cylindric, usually ± curved, opening by 10, or occasionally 6 or 8, erect or spreading
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at junction of tubes and throats, lobes linear-oblong, acute; anther bases tailed, apical appendages oblong; style-branches: fused portions with minutely
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absent in S. biltmoreana), paired, originating from petioles; blade linear, oblong, ovate, or, sometimes, reduced to scales in herbaceous species, base sometimes
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racemes, or flowers solitary, glabrous or hairy; bracts usually present; bracteoles absent. Pedicels usually present. Flowers: perianth and androecium epigynous
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trunks 1–few, usually ± erect, bark plated, ± exfoliating; compound thorns on trunks sometimes present; thorns on twigs determinate, usually numerous, straight
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excurrent. Branch leaves usually spreading, ovate to oblong-ovate, smaller than stem-leaves; margins usually plane; apex usually gradually acuminate to obtuse;
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of North America Association Plants usually on rock. Stems compact to long-creeping, ascending to horizontal, usually branched; scales brown to tan or often
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when dry, patent, erect-spreading, or spreading, usually ± flat when moist, elliptic, obovate, oblong-ovate, ovate, ovate-elliptic, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate
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smooth, papillose, or granular, fleshy; pistil obovoid or oblong-cylindrical; ovary superior, usually green, 3-locular or 6-locular with false septa, 6-lobed;
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foliaceous. Flowers resupinate, showy; sepals distinct or lateral sepals usually connate proximal to lip forming synsepal; petals entire; lip inflated, slipper
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homomallous, usually imbricate, concave, stem-leaves often somewhat larger than branch leaves; margins entire, serrulate, or subentire; apex usually acuminate;
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continuous with age, main axis determinate, usually terete. Stem segments green or sometimes reddish to purple, usually flattened, circular, elliptic, ovate,
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simple or branched distally (usually ± winged by decurrent leaf-bases), glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy. Leaves usually mostly cauline; mostly alternate
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weakly compressed, narrowly oblanceolate or linear-oblong (usually 10-nerved, glabrous); pappi usually 0, sometimes persistent, of 2–4 hyaline scales, or
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at junction of ovary and free hypanthium usually white or yellow (yellow to orange in H. parvifolia), usually concealed by free hypanthium and sepals (exposed
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on page 470. Mentioned on page 474. Plants small, prostrate, usually freely branched, usually in mats. Stems smooth, radiculose, rhizoids smooth, in clusters
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suborbiculate to broadly ovate, ovatelanceolate, reniform, or triangular, usually deeply to shallowly palmately (3–) 5 (–7) -lobed, sometimes unlobed or 2-lobed
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trees], 7–15+ cm (Verbesina nana) or 30–200 (–400) [–2500+] cm. Stems usually erect, usually branched (internodes sometimes winged). Leaves basal and/or cauline;
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or 1 (–4); sessile; blade ovate or oblong, margins entire, surfaces pubescent as basal. Racemes 3–9-flowered, usually ebracteate, rarely proximalmost 1
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