paronychioid species having capsules (genera 1-7), and retaining in Paronychioideae those species with utricles (genera 8-13). This alignment, suggested by M.
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distichous; sheaths open, often with tufts of hairs at the apices, hairs 0.3-8 mm; ligules usually membranous and ciliolate or ciliate, cilia sometimes longer
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cellular-reticulate, cells smooth or minutely roughened, with 1–8 papillae, without caruncle except in A. triquetrum. x = 7, 8, 9. Mostly Northern Hemisphere Species 550–700
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glabrous or pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially; tepals connate proximally 1/4–1/3 their length, monomorphic or dimorphic; stamens usually exserted, occasionally
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or in glomerules, rarely aggregated in second-order heads. Calyculi 0 or of 1–15+ bractlets. Phyllaries persistent or falling, usually in 3–5+ series, usually
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reduced leaflike bracts.) Involucres cylindric to ovoid or spheric, (1–6 ×) 1–8 cm. Phyllaries many in 5–20 series, subequal or weakly to strongly, outer
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principal angles, 1–5 mm) plus 0–8 usually shorter scales (0.2–2 mm). x = 17. North America, Mexico, in the Old World Species 52, including 1 hybrid (52 in
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sepals not persistent in fruit, 5; upper sepal 1, spurred, 8-24 mm; lateral sepals 2, ± ovate to elliptic, 8-18 mm; lower sepals 2, similar to lateral sepals;
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veined; beak present or absent, terminal, straight or curved, 0-4.5 mm. x = 7, 8. Worldwide except lowland tropics Species about 300 (76 in the flora). Most
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inner uncinate, florets 5 (outer 4 pistillate, inner bisexual), cypselae 0.8–1 mm, epappose. Genera 97–105 below (genera following second lead 3 in key to
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subterranean panicles; branches sometimes spikelike and secund, sometimes less than 1 cm; disarticulation usually below the glumes, sometimes at the base of the panicle
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Calyculi 0 or 1–5+ bractlets. Involucres campanulate to cylindric, 5–12 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, usually 8, 13, or 21 (–30+) in 1–2 series, erect
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cream-yellow or orange-red, usually obcordate or broadly obovate, emarginate; stamens 8, in 2 unequal series with episepalous longer or rarely subequal, erect, anthers
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replum (visible), rounded; septum complete, (membranous, veinless); ovules 8–250 per ovary; (style sometimes obsolete); stigma capitate. Seeds usually uniseriate
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3. Treatment on page 197. Roots 2-80 cm, tuberlike or fibrous, dry or fleshy; buds often less than 3 mm. Stems 1-8 (-19) per root; base firmly attached
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usually persistent (readily falling), usually in 2–8+ series, distinct, and unequal, sometimes in 1–2 series, distinct, and subequal to equal, usually
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363 (8 genera, 69 species, including 1 hybrid, in the flora). Circumscription of Helianthinae adopted here (i.e., that of H. Robinson 1981) is narrower than
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deciduous; collars inconspicuous, usually glabrous; auricles absent; ligules 0.1-2 (8) mm, membranous, sometimes longest at the margins, usually truncate, sometimes
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grapes, alluding to common name for A. uva-ursi Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 406. Mentioned on page 371, 375, 397, 405, 407, 408, 415
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450, 463. Plants short-stemmed pachycauls, perennial, often flowering after 8–20+ years, monocarpic or polycarpic, acaulescent or caulescent, scapose, forming
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