North America Association Stems usually not branching, straight, scapelike, stout, 1–3 dm. Leaves: basal 1–3 dm × 5–15 mm, usually shorter than stem. Inflorescences
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large, in loose tufts, light green or whitish. Stems creeping, densely to moderately densely terete-foliate, usually julaceous, regularly pinnate, branches
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terete-foliate [complanate], not or sparingly branched; transverse-section cells moderately differentiated, cortex deeply red pigmented, outer cortical cells somewhat
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contorted. > 37 32 Bulbs on stout, iris-like rhizome; ovary crestless. > 33 32 Bulbs short-rhizomatous at base, rhizome not stout and iris-like; ovary strongly
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distally, (0.5) 1-3 (4) mm wide, usually involute, moderately thick and firm, infrequently moderately thin, abaxial surfaces usually smooth, infrequently
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on page 599. Mentioned on page 576. Herbs, perennial, 1–3 (–4) dm; from a stout, woody caudex; with a taproot. Stems several, erect or ascending, unbranched
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branches present. Leaves ± loosely imbricate, ± longitudinally plicate, moderately to distinctly plicate-sulcate when dry, 1.5–2 mm; margins recurved proximally
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sometimes cormoid, and long rhizomes. Stems 1–5+, ascending to erect (often stout, light to dark-brown), sparsely to densely scabroso-hirsute to cinereo-puberulent
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sparsely to moderately hairy, glabrescent, eglandular, not pruinose; prickles sparse to moderate, slightly to strongly hooked, weak to stout, 0.8–1.5 (–2)
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sessile-glandular, not or weakly pruinose; prickles moderately dense, hooked, retrorse, or erect, stout, 4–10 mm, broad or narrow-based. Leaves deciduous
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8–46 × 5–11 mm, flowering branchlet 1.5–24 mm; pistillate moderately densely flowered, stout, subglobose, globose, or slender, 6.3–50 × 5–28 mm, flowering
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straight, sometimes curved, adaxial usually slightly glossy, sometimes dull, moderately densely villous, pilose, or long-silky to glabrescent; proximal blade
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pedicels usually divaricate-ascending, rarely erect or suberect, slender or stout. Flowers (sometimes zygomorphic); sepals erect, (calyx often urceolate or
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usually bulbose; bulb coat, when present, membranous. Stems slender or coarse, stout, branching or not, strongly flexuous, 3–10 dm. Leaves: basal withering, 1–2
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usually moderately, rarely sparsely, hairy hairs stellate, eglandular, strongly pruinose; prickles absent or sparse to dense, erect to hooked, stout, 3–10
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occasionally loosely imbricate, broadly ovate to ovatelanceolate, slightly to moderately strongly concave, not plicate; base narrowly short-decurrent; margins
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glabrescent, eglandular, not pruinose; prickles sparse, strongly retrorse, stout, to 1 mm, broad-based. Leaves evergreen, simple or ternate; stipules adnate
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buds; staminate subglobose, stout, or indeterminate, 3.3–18.5 × 2.5–12 mm, flowering branchlet 0.5–9 mm; pistillate moderately densely to loosely flowered
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Illustrator: Bee F. Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, stout perennial. Stems 0.5–2 m. Leaves: 4–6 pairs proximal to inflorescence; petiole
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Treatment on page 167. Mentioned on page 8, 168. Subshrubs 30–60 cm; taproots stout, bases woody, branched. Stems strictly erect, mostly simple, glabrous or
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