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FNA24 P42 Achnatherum pg 119.jpegAchnatherum splendens
Achnatherum stillmanii
Achnatherum lettermanii
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FNA24 P43 Achnatherum pg 120.jpegAchnatherum nevadenseCindy Roché
FNA24 P44 Achnatherum Occidentale pg 122.jpegAchnatherum occidentale subsp. pubescens
Achnatherum occidentale subsp. occidentale
Achnatherum occidentale subsp. californicum
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Plants perennial; tightly to loosely cespitose, sometimes shortly rhizomatous. Culms 10-250 cm, erect, not branching at the upper nodes; basal branching extra or intravaginal; prophylls shorter than the sheaths. Leaves sometimes concentrated at the base; sheaths open, margins often ciliate distally; cleistogenes not present in the basal leaf-sheaths; collars sometimes with hairs on the sides; auricles absent; ligules hyaline to membranous, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes ciliate; blades flat, convolute, or involute, apices acute, flexible, basal blades not overwintering, flag leaf-blades more than 10 mm long. Inflorescences terminal panicles, usually contracted, sometimes 2 forming at the terminal node; branches usually straight, sometimes flexuous. Spikelets usually appressed to the branches, with 1 floret; rachillas not prolonged beyond the floret; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the floret. Glumes exceeding the floret, usually lanceolate, 1-7-veined, acute to acuminate, sometimes obtuse; florets usually terete, fusiform or globose, sometimes somewhat laterally compressed; calluses 0.1-4 mm, blunt to sharp, usually strigose; lemmas stiffly membranous to coriaceous, smooth, usually hairy, sometimes glabrous, hairs on the lemma body to 6 mm, usually evenly distributed, hairs on the upper 74 sometimes somewhat longer than those below, not both markedly longer and more divergent, apical hairs to 7 mm, lemma margins usually not or only weakly overlapping, firmly overlapping in some species with glabrous lemmas, usually terminating in 0.05-3 mm lobes, sometimes unlobed, lobes usually membranous and flexible, sometimes thick, apices with a single, terminal, centric awn, awn-lemma junction evident; awns 3-80 mm, centric, readily deciduous to persistent, usually scabrous to scabridulous, sometimes hairy in whole or in part, if shorter than 12 mm, usually deciduous, not or once-geniculate and scarcely twisted, if longer than 12 mm, usually persistent, once or twice-geniculate and twisted below, terminal segment usually straight, sometimes flexuous; paleas from 1/3 as long as to slightly longer than the lemmas, usually pubescent, 2-veined, not keeled over the veins, flat between the veins, veins usually terminating below the apices, sometimes prolonged 1-3 mm, apices usually rounded; lodicules 2 or 3, membranous, not lobed; anthers 3, 1.5-6 mm, sometimes penicillate; ovaries with 2 style-branches, branches fused at the base. Caryopses fusiform, not ribbed, style bases persistent; hila linear, almost as long as the caryopses; embryos 1/5 – 1/3 the length of the caryopses. x = 10 or 11.

Distribution

Mont., Oreg., Ariz., Idaho, Wash., S.Dak., Tex., Calif., Colo., Wyo., Utah, N.Mex., Nev., Nebr., Alaska, Kans., N.Dak., Okla., Alta., B.C., Man., Sask., Yukon, Ark., Minn.

Discussion

As interpreted here, Achnatherum is one of the larger and more widely distributed genera in the Stipeae. It is difficult to estimate how many species it contains because its boundaries are still unclear. Of the 28 species in the Flora region, only A. splendens, from Europe, is introduced.

Most species of Achnatherum used to be included in Stipa, a genus that at one time included almost all Stipeae with an elongated floret. Keng (cited in Tsvelev 1977) transferred some Chinese species of Stipa sensu lato with blunt calluses and less indurate lemmas than Stipa sensu stricto to Achnatherum, a realignment that Tsvelev (1977) supported. Thomasson (1978) demonstrated that several North and South American species of Stipa had lemma epidermes similar to those of the Eurasian species of Stipa that had been transferred to Achnatherum. After considering various additional characters (Barkworth 1981, 1982), Barkworth (1993) transferred most North American species of Stipa and some of Oryzopsis into the expanded Achnatherum. In retrospect, her transfer of South American species to Achnatherum was ill-advised. Some have since been transferred to Amelichloa (Arriaga and Barkworth 2006), others to Jarava (Peiiailillo 2002). With its current boundaries, Achnatherum is probably still polyphyletic (Jacobs et al. 2006), but the evidence does not support return of the North American species treated as Achnatherum to either Stipa or Oryzopsis.

In the key, glume widths are the distance between the midvein and the margin. Floret lengths include the callus, but not the apical lobes. Floret thickness refers to the thickest part of the floret.

Selected References

Key

1 Awns persistent, basal segments pilose, at least some hairs 0.5-8 mm long. > 2
2 Flag leaves with ligules 3-8 mm long; lemmas with 1 apical lobe, the lobe to 0.1 mm long, thick, coriaceous Achnatherum thurberianum
2 Flag leaves with ligules 0.3-3 mm long; lemmas usually with 2 apical lobes, sometimes not lobed, lobes to 1 mm long, thin, membranous. > 3
3 Basal awn segments with hairs of mixed lengths, the longer hairs scattered among the shorter hairs; apical lemma hairs longer than most basal awn hairs. > 4
4 Florets 8-9 mm long; glumes 1.3-1.9 mm wide from midvein to margin Achnatherum latiglume
4 Florets 5-7.5 mm long; glumes 0.6-1 mm wide from midvein to margin. > 5
5 Calluses 0.5-0.7 mm long; paleas 1/2 - 3/4 as long as the lemmas; palea apices with hairs usually about 1 mm long Achnatherum nevadense
5 Calluses 0.8-1.2 mm long; paleas z/s-/s as long as the lemmas; palea apices with hairs usually less than 1 mm long Achnatherum occidentale
3 Basal awn segments with hairs that gradually and regularly decrease in length distally; apical lemma hairs usually similar in length to the longest basal awn hairs, sometimes longer on the adaxial side. > 4
6 Basal blades curling with age, forming circular arcs; paleas 1/4 - 1/3 as long as the lemmas; panicles 7-11 cm long Achnatherum curvifolium
6 Basal blades straight to lax, not forming circular arcs; paleas 2/5 – 4/5 as long as the lemmas; panicles 5-30 cm long. > 7
7 Florets 5.5-7.5 mm long; paleas 2/5 – 3/5 as long as the lemmas; glumes less than 1 mm wide from midvein to margin Achnatherum occidentale
7 Florets 8-9 mm long; paleas 3/5 – 4/5 as long as the lemmas; glumes 1.3-1.9 mm wide from midvein to margin Achnatherum latiglume
1 Awns deciduous or persistent, basal segments scabrous or with hairs shorter than 0.5 mm. > 2
8 Lemmas evenly hairy, hairs 1.2-6 mm long, hairs on the lemma body usually not evidently shorter than those at the apices. > 9
9 Awns persistent. > 10
10 Plants sterile, the anthers indehiscent, with few pollen grains (see discussion following A. hymenoides) hybrids of 26. Achnatherum hymenoides (in part)
10 Plants fertile, the anthers dehiscent, with many pollen grains. > 11
11 Sheaths not becoming flat and ribbonlike with age; blades usually involute and 0.2-0.4 mm in diameter, 0.5-1 mm wide when flat; awns twice-geniculate Achnatherum pinetorum
11 Sheaths becoming flat and ribbonlike with age; blades 0.5-1.5 mm in diameter when convolute, to 7 mm wide when flat; awns once- or twice-geniculate. > 12
12 Awns twice-geniculate, culms 3-6 mm thick Achnatherum coronatum
12 Awns once-geniculate, culms 0.8-2 mm thick Achnatherum parishii
9 Awns rapidly deciduous. > 10
13 Florets at least 4.5 mm long, fusiform, anthers sometimes indehiscent. > 14
14 Anthers dehiscent, the pollen grains well formed Achnatherum webberi
14 Anthers indehiscent, the pollen grains poorly formed. > 15
15 Anthers dimorphic, 1 longer than the other 2; lemmas with 7 veins see ×Achnella
15 Anthers all alike; lemmas with 5 veins (see discussion of hybrids on p. 142) hybrids of Achnatherum hymenoides
13 Florets 2.5-4.5 mm long, usually ovoid to obovoid, sometimes fusiform, anthers dehiscent. > 14
16 Panicle branches terminating in a pair of spikelets on conspicuously divaricate, unequal to subequal pedicels, most shorter pedicels at least 1/2 as long as the longer pedicels Achnatherum hymenoides
16 Panicle branches terminating in a pair of spikelets on loosely appressed, unequal pedicels, most shorter pedicels less than 1/2 as long as the longer pedicels. > 17
17 Panicles 0.5-2.8 cm wide, branches 0.5-5 cm long, strongly ascending; spikelets evenly distributed over the branches Achnatherum arnowiae
17 Panicles 7-15 cm wide, branches 5-8 cm long, ascending to strongly divergent; spikelets confined to the distal 1/2 of the branches Achnatherum contractum
8 Lemmas glabrous or with hairs 0.2-1.5(2) mm long at midlength, glabrous or with hairs distally, the hairs at midlength often evidently shorter than those at the lemma apices. > 9
18 Apical lemma hairs 2-7 mm long, usually 1+ mm longer than those at midlength. > 19
19 Calluses sharp; paleas 1/3-1/2 as long as the lemmas Achnatherum scribneri
19 Calluses blunt to acute; paleas 1/2-9/10 as long as the lemmas. > 20
20 Awns twice-geniculate; culms 3-6 mm thick Achnatherum coronatum
20 Awns once-geniculate; culms 0.8-2 mm thick Achnatherum parishii
18 Apical lemma hairs absent or to 2.2 mm long, usually less than 1 mm longer than those at midlength. > 19
21 Awns 5-12 mm long, readily deciduous, not or only once-geniculate. > 22
22 Lemmas glabrous. > 23
23 Panicles lax, the branches flexuous, diverging Achnatherum wallowaense
23 Panicles erect, the branches straight, ascending to appressed Achnatherum hendersonii
22 Lemmas pubescent. > 23
24 Culms 30-250 cm long; plants cultivated ornamentals Achnatherum splendens
24 Culms 15-25 cm long; plants native in the Flora region Achnatherum swallenii
21 Awns 10-80 mm long, persistent, once- or twice-geniculate. > 22
25 Terminal awn segment flexuous. > 26
26 Panicles contracted, all branches straight, appressed or strongly ascending; ligules on the flag leaves to 1.5 mm long Achnatherum aridum
26 Panicles open, the lower branches flexuous, ascending to widely divergent; ligules on the flag leaves to 4.5 mm long Achnatherum eminens
25 Terminal awn segment straight or slightly arcuate. > 26
27 Panicle branches flexuous, ascending to strongly divergent; spikelets pendulous Achnatherum richardsonii
27 Panicle branches straight, usually appressed to ascending, sometimes divergent; spikelets appressed to the branches. > 28
28 Flag leaves with a densely pubescent collar, the hairs 0.5-2 mm long; paleas 2/3 - 3/4 as long as the lemmas Achnatherum robustum
28 Flag leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent on the collar, the hairs shorter than 0.5 mm; paleas from 1/3 as long as to longer than the lemmas. > 29
29 Lemma apices 2-lobed, lobes 1-3 mm long; palea veins extending beyond the palea body, reaching to the tips of the lemma lobes Achnatherum stillmanii
29 Lemma apices unlobed or with lobes to 1.2 mm long; palea veins terminating before or at the palea apices. > 30
30 Apical lemma lobes thick, stiff, about 0.1 mm long; florets somewhat laterally compressed Achnatherum lemmonii
30 Apical lemma lobes membranous, 0.1-1.2 mm long; florets terete. > 31
31 Lower cauline internodes densely pubescent for 3-9 mm below the nodes, more shortly and less densely pubescent elsewhere Achnatherum diegoense
31 Lower cauline internodes glabrous or slightly pubescent to 5 mm below the nodes, usually glabrous elsewhere. > 32
32 Glumes subequal, the lower glumes exceeding the upper glumes by less than 1 mm. > 33
33 Paleas 3/5 – 9/10 as long as the lemmas, the apical hairs exceeding the apices; blades 0.5-2 mm wide; awns 12-25 mm long Achnatherum lettermanii
33 Paleas 1/3 – 2/3 as long as the lemmas, the apical hairs usually not exceeding the apices; blades (0.5)1.2-5 mm wide; awns 19-45 mm long Achnatherum nelsonii
32 Glumes unequal, the lower glumes exceeding the upper glumes by 1-4 mm. > 33
34 Apical lemma hairs erect; lemma lobes 0.5-1.2 mm long Achnatherum lobatum
34 Apical lemma hairs divergent to ascending; lemma lobes 0.2-0.5 mm long Achnatherum perplexum

"decumbent" is not a number."prolonged" is not a number."thick" is not a number."prolonged" is not a number.

... more about "Achnatherum"
membranous +  and scarious +
penicillate +
0.15 cm1.5 mm <br />0.0015 m <br /> (0.6 cm6 mm <br />0.006 m <br />) +
awned +, bifid +, bilobed +  and entire +
rounded +  and acute +
0 cm0 mm <br />0 m <br /> (0.7 cm7 mm <br />0.007 m <br />) +
Mary E. Barkworth +
P. Beauv. +
1 (?) +  and 3 (?) +
flexuous +
subterminal +  and eccentric +
usually scabrous +  and scabridulous +
not once-geniculate +
12 cm120 mm <br />0.12 m <br /> (12 cm120 mm <br />0.12 m <br />) +
keeled +  and rounded +
pseudopetiolate +  and branching +
intravaginal +, extravaginal +, branching +  and basal +
swelling +
not evident +
involute +, convolute +  and flat +
flexuous +  and straight +
spikelike +
well-developed +
blunt +  and sharp +
0.01 cm0.1 mm <br />1.0e-4 m <br /> (0.4 cm4 mm <br />0.004 m <br />) +
branching +  and not branching +
perennial +  and annual +
intravaginal +  and basal +
10 cm100 mm <br />0.1 m <br /> (250 cm2,500 mm <br />2.5 m <br />) +
not woody +
Mont. +, Oreg. +, Ariz. +, Idaho +, Wash. +, S.Dak. +, Tex. +, Calif. +, Colo. +, Wyo. +, Utah +, N.Mex. +, Nev. +, Nebr. +, Alaska +, Kans. +, N.Dak. +, Okla. +, Alta. +, B.C. +, Man. +, Sask. +, Yukon +, Ark. +  and Minn. +
1/5 +  and 1/3 +
liquid +, soft +  and hard +
capillary +
pistillate +  and staminate +
sometimes longer +
compressed +, globose +, fusiform +  and terete +
1-10-veined +
subtending +
obtuse +, acute +  and acuminate +
membranous +
divergent +  and distributed +
uncinate +
0.2 cm2 mm <br />0.002 m <br /> (0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br />) +
solid +  and hollow +
basally concentrated +  and evenly distributed +
0 cm0 mm <br />0 m <br /> (0.6 cm6 mm <br />0.006 m <br />) +
glabrous +  and hairy +
ovate +, rectangular +  and lanceolate +
stiffly membranous +  and coriaceous +
pubescent +  and glabrous +
membranous +
membranous +
inconspicuous +
not lobed +
concealed +  and prominent +
2 +  and 1 +
pubescent +  and glabrous +
well-developed +
not keeled +
reduced +
dry +  and fleshy +
not prolonged +
arriaga2006a +, barkworth1981a +, barkworth1982a +, barkworth1984a +, barkworth1993b +, cheeke1985a +, epstein1964a +, freitag1985a +, hitchcock1951a +, jacobs2006a +, johnson1943a +, johnson1945b +, johnson1960a +, johnson1962a +, johnson1962b +, johnson1963a +, johnson1972a +, matthei1965a +, maze1962a +, maze1965a +, maze1981a +, peiiailillo2002a +, pohl1954a +, scagel1984a +, shechter1968a +, shechter1969a +, thomasson1978a +, torres1993a +, tsvelev1976a +  and tsvelev1977a +
1 +  and 60 +
unisexual +  and bisexual +
laterally compressed +  and terete +
1 +  and 3 +
simple +  and compound +
Gramineae +
Achnatherum +
Poaceae tribe Stipeae +
membranous +
inconspicuous +
0.1 cm1 mm <br />0.001 m <br /> (0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br />) +
plant +  and cespitose +
aquatic +  and terrestrial +