Asteraceae tribe Calenduleae

Cassini

J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts 88: 161. 1819.

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 19. Mentioned on page 6, 12, 379.

Annuals, perennials, shrubs, or trees. Leaves cauline [rosulate]; usually alternate, sometimes opposite; petiolate or sessile; margins usually entire or dentate, sometimes lobed to dissected. Heads heterogamous (radiate), borne singly or in ± corymbiform arrays. Calyculi 0 (peduncular bractlets sometimes intergrade with phyllaries). Phyllaries persistent, in (1–) 2 (–3) series, distinct [connate], usually ± equal, usually herbaceous (sometimes fleshy), margins and/or apices ± scarious. Receptacles flat to conic, epaleate (sometimes bristly-setose). Ray-florets in 1–2+ series (more in horticultural “doubles”), pistillate, fertile [styliferous and sterile or neuter]; corollas usually yellow to orange and/or cyanic to white (abaxial and adaxial faces often different colors). Disc-florets usually functionally staminate, sometimes bisexual and fertile; corollas yellow, orange, or cyanic (sometimes combinations within corollas), lobes 5, ± deltate (tips sometimes terete or dilated); anther bases ± tailed, apical appendages ovate to deltate; styles abaxially papillate (at least near tips), branches sometimes barely discernible (0.5–1 mm), adaxially stigmatic in 2 lines from bases to apices, apices rounded to truncate, appendages penicillate or essentially none. Cypselae usually polymorphic within heads (straight, arcuate, contorted, or ± coiled), ± columnar to prismatic, sometimes obcompressed, compressed, or flattened, sometimes ± beaked, bodies usually tuberculate, ridged, and/or winged (usually glabrous; blue-black and drupelike in Chrysanthemoides); pappi 0 [bristles].

Distribution

Introduced; most in Africa, also Atlantic Islands, Europe, and sw Asia, some are widely cultivated and become ± established in local floras

Discussion

Genera ca. 8, species 100+ (4 genera, 7 species in the flora).

Plants of Dimorphotheca cuneata (Thunberg) Lessing, a native of southern Africa, have been collected outside cultivation in Arizona (Gila County, ca. 1000 m): subshrubs or shrubs to 100 cm, leaves cuneate to obovate, 1–2(–3)cm, margins dentate to denticulate, faces ± glutinous, phyllaries usually 13, 6–9 mm, ray corollas abaxially bluish to violet, adaxially white, disc cypselae obovate to nearly orbiculate, 10 mm.

Key

1 Shrubs or trees; cypselae fleshy (drupelike) Chrysanthemoides
1 Annuals, perennials, or shrubs; cypselae not fleshy (often tuberculate or ridged and/or winged) > 2
2 Disc florets bisexual (some or all fertile) Dimorphotheca
2 Disc florets all functionally staminate > 3
3 Cypselae arcuate to ± coiled, abaxially tuberculate, sometimes winged Calendula
3 Cypselae triquetrous-prismatic to clavate, ± tuberculate and/or winged Osteospermum
rounded;truncate +
scarious +
ovate +  and deltate +
penicillate +
indeterminate +  and determinate +
Theodore M. Barkley† +, Luc Brouillet +  and John L. Strother +
Cassini +
decurrent +
compound +  and simple +
tuberculate +
discernible +
zygomorphic +, actinomorphic +  and (3-)5-merous +
cyanic +, orange +, yellow +, usually yellow +  and orange and/or cyanic +
flattened +, compressed +, obcompressed +, less columnar +  and prismatic +
fertile +  and bisexual +
most in Africa +, also Atlantic Islands +, Europe +, and sw Asia +  and some are widely cultivated and become ± established in local floras +
pistillate +, staminate +  and neuter +
winged +  and beaked +
dispersed +
in more or less corymbiform arrays +  and singly +
indeterminate +
heterogamous +
each +  and sessile +
sessile +  and petiolate +
opposite +  and alternate +
deltate +
dentate +  and entire +
lobed +  and dissected +
2-carpellate +
J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts +
bearing subulate enations +, hairy +  and bristly +
norlindh1943a +
exalbuminous +
prostrate +  and ascending +
appendaged +  and truncate +
papillate +
Compositae +
Asteraceae tribe Calenduleae +
Asteraceae +
perennial +  and annual +
tree +  and shrub +