View source for Bolboschoenus maritimus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Bolboschoenus maritimus
|accepted_authority=(Linnaeus) Palla in W. D. J. Koch et al.
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=in W. D. J. Koch et al., Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl. ed.
|place=3, 3: 2531. 1905
|year=1905
}}
|common_names=Salt-marsh bulrush;alkali bulrush;bayonet-grass;scirpe maritime
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=F
|label=Illustrated
}}
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Scirpus maritimus
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=species
|publication_title=Sp. Pl.
|publication_place=1: 51. 1753
}}
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Schoenoplectus maritimus
|authority=(Linnaeus) Lye
|rank=species
}}
|hierarchy=Cyperaceae;Bolboschoenus;Bolboschoenus maritimus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Cyperaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Bolboschoenus]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Bolboschoenus maritimus]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 23
|mention_page=page 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44
|treatment_page=page 40
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="culm length;culm atypical width;culm width"><b>Culms </b>50–150 cm × (1–) 3–8 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="sheath position relational;front texture;apex shape;vein orientation;vein position;area shape;area architecture"><b>Leaves:</b> sheaths reaching ± to mid culm, fronts usually membranous at mouth, apex concave to convex, veins diverging proximal to summit leaving triangular, veinless area (often disintegrating);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="widest blade width">widest blade 2–12 mm wide.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="inflorescence architecture;inflorescence quantity;inflorescence quantity;spikelet architecture;spikelet architecture or arrangement or growth form;spikelet architecture or arrangement or growth form;ray quantity;ray quantity"><b>Inflorescences </b>with all spikelets sessile, simply branched with not more than 1/2 of spikelets solitary or in clusters of 2–10 on 1–4 rays, rays not exceeding 8 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="involucral-bract quantity;widest bract width">involucral-bracts that surpass inflorescences 1–4, widest bract 1–6 mm wide.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="spikelet atypical quantity;spikelet quantity;spikelet shape;spikelet length;spikelet atypical width;spikelet width;base shape"><b>Spikelets </b>(1–) 2–40, ovoid to lanceoloid, 7–40 × (4–) 7–10 mm, base usually cuneate to rounded;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="scale arrangement;scale coloration;scale coloration;scale length;scale width;scale texture;scale coloration or reflectance;apex shape;apex shape;apex some measurement;apex depth;awn size;awn length;awn width">scales often loosely imbricate, bright orangebrown to stramineous, often obscurely lineolate-spotted, 5–8 × 3–4 mm, membranous, translucent, apex acute, 2-fid 0.5–1 mm deep, awn slender, 1–3 × 0.25 mm at base.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="perianth bristle duration;achene quantity;achene duration;achene size;achene coloration;achene quantity;achene quantity;achene duration;achene size;achene coloration"><b>Flowers:</b> perianth bristles not persistent on shed achenes or sometimes 1–few weakly persistent, medium brown, to 1/2 achene length;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="anther coloration;anther coloration;anther some measurement">anthers yellow, very rarely orange, 2–4 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="style shape">styles 2–3-fid.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="achene size;achene coloration;achene coloration;achene coloration;achene shape;achene shape;achene shape;achene shape;achene length;achene width;apex shape;beak some measurement;surface reflectance"><b>Achenes </b>medium to dark-brown, rarely yellowish or whitish, obovoid, biconvex, or concavesided, rarely obtusely compressed trigonous, 2.3–4.1 × 1.9–2.8 mm, apex rounded to nearly truncate, beak 0.1–0.4 mm, surface glossy, exocarp (epidermal) cells usually clearly visible at 10–20X;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="exocarp cell prominence;exocarp cell thickness;cell size;cell width">in achene cross-section exocarp 2 times as thick as mesocarp, its cells greatly enlarged, at least 3 times deeper than wide;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="achene habitat">achene specific gravity much less than water.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Alaska;Ariz.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Idaho;Ill.;Iowa;Kans.;Maine;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;Mont.;N.Dak.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;Nebr.;Nev.;Okla.;Oreg.;R.I.;S.Dak.;Tex.;Utah;Wash.;Wyo.;Mexico;South America (Argentina);South America (Peru);Eurasia;Africa;Pacific Islands (Hawaii)
|discussion=<p>Subspecies at least 2 (2 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Bolboschoenus maritimus belongs to a difficult, worldwide complex, in which the delimitation of specific and infraspecific taxa is still unclear. The new lectotype and epitype from the Baltic coast of Sweden selected by S. G. Smith and I. Kukkonen (1999) are used here as the basis for redefining B. maritimus subsp. maritimus, which was previously defined to include B. yagara (Ohwi) Y. C. Yang & M. Zhan (J. Browning et al. 1996; Z. Hroudová et al. 1998).</p><!--
--><p>It seems likely that some populations of both Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. maritimus and B. maritimus subsp. paludosus have been introduced into the flora from Eurasia.</p><!--
--><p>Putative Bolboschoenus maritimus × B. robustus hybrids are common in zones of sympatry along the northern Atlantic Coast and in California, putative B. fluviatilis × B. maritimus hybrids occur in California, and many B. glaucus × B. maritimus hybrids occur in California and Idaho (J. Browning et al. 1995). They are intermediate between their putative parents in every character studied and are often fertile. Interspecific hybridization is probably responsible for much of the infraspecific variation in B. maritimus, especially along the northern Atlantic and California coasts. The orange anthers and few 3-fid styles on some specimens from southeastern Texas may be due to introgression from B. robustus. The type of Scirpus maritimus forma agonus Fernald is probably a B. maritimus × B. robustus hybrid.</p><!--
--><p>Bolboschoenus maritimus and B. robustus have been widely confused in the southwest, where some authors (e.g., H. L. Mason 1957; P. A. Munz 1959, 1968) have treated B. maritimus as a synonym of B. robustus, and others (D. S. Correll and H. B. Correll 1972) have treated B. robustus as B. maritimus var. macrostachyus Michaux.</p><!--
--><p>No acceptably vouchered chromosome counts for Bolboschoenus maritimus are available from North America. The voucher for the 2n = 90 count by N. A. Harriman (1981) from southeastern Texas is a mixed collection of B. maritimus subsp. paludosus and B. robustus. Reasonably reliable chromosome numbers reported for B. maritimus in Europe are mostly 2n = 108 or 110, but vary from 2n = 55 to 112 (V. Jarolímová and Z. Hroudová 1998).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Styles all or mostly 3-fid; achenes obtusely compressed trigonous or some biconvex in same spikelet; scales dark to medium brown; achenes dark to medium brown.
|[[Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. maritimus|Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. maritimus]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Styles all or mostly 2-fid; achenes mostly biconvex; scales dark to medium brown to stramineous or nearly colorless; achenes mostly medium brown, sometimes darker or paler.
|[[Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus|Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Bolboschoenus maritimus
|authority=(Linnaeus) Palla in W. D. J. Koch et al.
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Schoenoplectus maritimus
|basionyms=Scirpus maritimus
|family=Cyperaceae
|distribution=Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Alaska;Ariz.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Idaho;Ill.;Iowa;Kans.;Maine;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;Mont.;N.Dak.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;Nebr.;Nev.;Okla.;Oreg.;R.I.;S.Dak.;Tex.;Utah;Wash.;Wyo.;Mexico;South America (Argentina);South America (Peru);Eurasia;Africa;Pacific Islands (Hawaii)
|reference=None
|publication title=in W. D. J. Koch et al., Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl. ed.
|publication year=1905
|special status=Illustrated
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V23/V23_55.xml
|genus=Bolboschoenus
|species=Bolboschoenus maritimus
|achene coloration=whitish;yellowish;dark-brown;brown;brown
|achene duration=persistent;persistent
|achene habitat=much less than water
|achene length=2.3mm;4.1mm
|achene quantity=1;few
|achene shape=trigonous;compressed;biconvex;obovoid
|achene size=medium;medium;medium
|achene width=1.9mm;2.8mm
|anther coloration=orange;yellow
|anther some measurement=2mm;4mm
|apex depth=deep
|apex shape=rounded;nearly truncate
|apex some measurement=0.5mm;1mm
|area architecture=veinless
|area shape=triangular
|awn length=1mm;3mm
|awn size=slender
|awn width=0.25
|base shape=usually cuneate;rounded
|beak some measurement=0.1mm;0.4mm
|cell size=enlarged
|cell width=3 times deeper than wide
|culm atypical width=1mm;3mm
|culm length=50cm;150cm
|culm width=3mm;8mm
|exocarp cell prominence=visible
|exocarp cell thickness=2 times as thick as mesocarp
|front texture=membranous
|inflorescence architecture=branched
|inflorescence quantity=not /2;not 1
|involucral-bract quantity=1;4
|perianth bristle duration=not persistent
|ray quantity=1;4
|scale arrangement=imbricate
|scale coloration=lineolate-spotted;bright orangebrown;stramineous
|scale coloration or reflectance=translucent
|scale length=5mm;8mm
|scale texture=membranous
|scale width=3mm;4mm
|sheath position relational=reaching
|spikelet architecture=sessile
|spikelet architecture or arrangement or growth form=in clusters;solitary
|spikelet atypical quantity=1;2
|spikelet atypical width=4mm;7mm
|spikelet length=7mm;40mm
|spikelet quantity=2;40
|spikelet shape=ovoid;lanceoloid
|spikelet width=7mm;10mm
|style shape=2-3-fid
|surface reflectance=glossy
|vein orientation=diverging
|vein position=proximal
|widest blade width=2mm;12mm
|widest bract width=1mm;6mm
}}<!--

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