View source for Carya ← Carya You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Carya |accepted_authority=Nuttall |publications={{Treatment/Publication |title=Gen. N. Amer. Pl. |place=2: 220. 1818, name conserved }} |common_names=Hickory;caryer;hicorier |basionyms= |synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym |name=Hicoria |authority=Rafinesque |rank=genus }} |hierarchy=Juglandaceae;Carya |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Juglandaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Carya]]</div></div> |etymology=Greek káryon, nut, kernel |volume=Volume 3 |mention_page= |treatment_page= }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form"><b>Trees,</b> rarely shrubs, 3-52 m.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="bark coloration;bark coloration;bark architecture or pubescence or relief;bark shape;bark architecture;bark relief;tree life cycle;scale size;scale shape;scale width;strip length or size;strip width;plate length or size;plate width"><b>Bark </b>gray or brownish, smooth with fissures in younger trees, becoming ridged and sometimes deeply furrowed or exfoliating with small platelike scales or long strips or broad plates.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig coloration;twig shape;twig size;twig size;twig pubescence;twig pubescence;twig pubescence"><b>Twigs </b>greenish, orangish, reddish, or rusty brown, or bronze, terete, slender or stout, pubescent and scaly or glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf-scar shape;leaf-scar shape;leaf-scar size">leaf-scars shield-shaped or 3-lobed, large;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="pith architecture;pith variability">pith solid and homogeneous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="bud-scale arrangement;bud-scale arrangement;bud-scale pubescence;bud-scale pubescence"><b>Bud-</b>scales valvate or imbricate, glabrous or variously pubescent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="bracteole bud fusion;bracteole arrangement or dehiscence">axillary buds protected by pair of valvate bracteoles (i.e., prophylls) or bracteoles fused into hood.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>odd-pinnate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="petiole pubescence;petiole pubescence;petiole pubescence">petiole pubescent and/or scaly or glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="leaflet atypical quantity;leaflet quantity;leaflet architecture;distal leaflet size;distal leaflet length;distal leaflet width"><b>Leaflets </b>3-17 (-21), petiolulate, distal leaflets largest, 2-26 × 1-14 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="surface arrangement;hair arrangement;scale quantity;scale arrangement or density;secondary-vein pubescence">surfaces abaxially with nonglandular hairs (unicellular common to all species, fasciculate with 2-8 rays in 1 rank, multiradiate with 8-17 rays in 2 ranks) and glandular scales (capitate-glandular and large peltate scales common to all species; small peltate scales round, irregular, or 2-lobed or 4-lobed), adaxially with scattered hairs and scattered to abundant scales in spring or concentrated along midrib and secondary-veins to essentially glabrous in the fall.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="catkin architecture;catkin quantity;catkin architecture;catkin architecture"><b>Staminate </b>catkins in fascicles of 3 (except sect. Rhamphocarya of se Asia) from 1st-year, sometimes 2d-year twigs, sessile or pedunculate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity">stamens 3-10 (-15) per flower, with or without hairs.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;terminal spike architecture"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers in terminal few-flowered spikes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="fruits nut shape;fruits nut shape;husk dehiscence;suture architecture;suture architecture"><b>Fruits </b>nuts enclosed in husks, compressed or not compressed, husks completely or partially dehiscing, sutures smooth or winged;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="nut coloration;nut coloration;nut coloration;nut coloration;nut coloration;nut coloration;nut coloration;nut shape;nut shape;nut shape;nut shape;nut shape;nut shape;nut shape;nut shape;nut relief;nut relief;nut relief;nut relief;nut relief">nuts brown, reddish-brown, or tan, sometimes mottled with black or tan, compressed or not compressed, angled or not angled, smooth, rugulose, or verrucose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="shell width;shell width">shells thin or thick.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>sweet or bitter.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="seed taste;seed taste;x chromosome quantity">x = 16.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=e North America;Mexico;e Asia |discussion=<p>Species 18 (11 in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>Carya was widespread during the Tertiary; fossils have been reported from the states of Colorado and Washington, and from China, Japan, Europe, and western Siberia. Today two sections of the genus occur in southeastern Asia (sect. Rhamphocarya and sect. Sinocarya) and two in North America (sect. Apocarya, the so-called pecan hickories, and sect. Carya hickories). Both 2n = 32 and 2n = 64 chromosome numbers are known for the genus; tetraploidy, however, is confined to sect. Carya.</p><!-- --><p>The commercial use of Carya is substantial. The cultivated pecan, C. illinoinensis, is the most important nut tree native to North America, and the wood o hickories is unequaled for its use in tool handles because of the combined strength and shock resistance. Hickory nuts are also an important, high-quality food source for wildlife because they are high in proteins and fats. Carya cordiformis, C. glabra, and C. ovata are grown extensively in central Europe for timber.</p><!-- --><p>Characters of the buds and bark are taxonomically important in Carya, but shoots with terminal buds and information about bark characteristics are frequently absent on herbarium specimens. Phenotypic variation from tree to tree is often considerable and difficult to quantify. Most of this variation undoubtedly results from adaptation to local and regional conditions; hybridization has probably played a subtle role as well. Sympatry of two or more species is common, and artificial pollinations suggest that even diploid × tetraploid crosses produce viable seed.</p> |tables= |references= }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Scales of terminal buds valvate; axillary buds protected by pair of valvate bracteoles or by bracteoles fused into hood; leaflets (5–)7–13(–17), symmetric or falcate; staminate catkins at base of leafy shoots on new wood, and commonly on reduced shoots from old wood; husk sutures winged; shells thin or thick; seeds sweet or bitter (sect. Apocarya). |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Scales of terminal buds imbricate; axillary buds protected by bracteoles fused into hood; leaflets 3–9, symmetric; staminate catkins at base of leafy shoots on new wood, rarely on reduced shoots from old wood (C. texana); husk sutures usually without wings, infrequently with narrow wings (C. floridana, C. glabra, C. texana); shells thick; seeds sweet (sect. Carya). |[[#key-0-5| > 5]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Bark fissured or exfoliating, separating freely into long strips or broad plates; terminal buds ovoid; leaflets (5–)7–9, abaxially with dense coating of peltate scales throughout spring and fall, bronze color; shells thick; seeds sweet. |[[Carya myristiciformis|Carya myristiciformis]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Bark ridged or exfoliating in long strips or platelike scales; terminal buds oblong; leaflets (5–)7–13(–17), abaxially with light to dense coating of peltate scales in spring, becoming moderate to light in fall, not bronze color; shells thin; seeds bitter or sweet. |[[#key-0-3| > 3]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Terminal buds sulfur yellow to brown; axillary buds protected by pair of valvate bracteoles; leaflets (5–)7–9(–11), symmetric, abaxially large peltate scales retained, concentrated near margins of base and apex on fall specimens; fruits not compressed or only slightly so; husks dehiscing to middle or slightly below; nuts not compressed or only slightly so, not angled, rugulose; seeds bitter. |[[Carya cordiformis|Carya cordiformis]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Terminal buds yellowish brown to reddish brown or black; axillary buds protected by bracteoles fused into hood; leaflets (5–)7–13(–17), symmetric or falcate, abaxially large peltate scales mainly lost by fall or at least not concentrated near margins of base and apex; fruits compressed or not compressed; husks dehiscing to base; nuts compressed or not compressed, angled or not angled, smooth or verrucose; seeds bitter or sweet. |[[#key-0-4| > 4]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Bark exfoliating in long strips or platelike scales; leaflets (5–)9–11(–13), margins serrate to entire; lateral petiolules 0–2 mm; midribs adaxially villous near base; fascicles of male catkins pedunculate; nuts compressed, angled, verrucose; seeds bitter. |[[Carya aquatica|Carya aquatica]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Bark ridged or with appressed scales or exfoliating with small platelike scales; leaflets (7–)9–13(–17), margins serrate; lateral petiolules 0–7 mm; midribs mostly adaxially glabrous, rarely hirsute near base; fascicles of male catkins sessile or pedunculate; nuts not compressed, not angled, smooth; seeds sweet. |[[Carya illinoinensis|Carya illinoinensis]] |-id=key-0-5 |5 |Leaflets (3–)5(–7), serrations with hairs tufted below apex, and at least some hairs persisting into fall; bark exfoliating in long strips or broad plates; fruits spheric or nearly so; husks thick, dehiscing to base. |[[Carya ovata|Carya ovata]] |-id=key-0-5 |5 |Leaflets 3–9, serrations sometimes lightly ciliate, subapical tuft absent; bark ridged, often deeply furrowed or exfoliating in long strips or broad plates; fruits spheric to obovoid; husks thin to thick, dehiscing partially or completely to base. |[[#key-0-6| > 6]] |-id=key-0-6 |6 |Twigs stout; terminal buds 8–20 mm; leaflets (5–)7–9(–11), abaxially hirsute, with abundant unicellular, fasciculate, and multiradiate hairs; husks 4–13 mm thick; nuts strongly angled toward stylar end. |[[#key-0-7| > 7]] |-id=key-0-6 |6 |Twigs slender; terminal buds 3–15 mm; leaflets 3–7(–9), abaxially glabrous except near midrib, occasionally hirsute with unicellular and fasciculate hairs, never with multiradiate hairs; husks 2–5 mm thick; nuts not strongly angled toward stylar end. |[[#key-0-8| > 8]] |-id=key-0-7 |7 |Bark exfoliating in long strips or broad plates; petiole and rachis lightly pubescent; leaflets apically acuminate, tapering, abaxially hirsute with abundant unicellular and fasciculate hairs, occasional multiradiate hairs; husks minutely hirsute. |[[Carya laciniosa|Carya laciniosa]] |-id=key-0-7 |7 |Bark ridged; petiole and rachis densely hirsute; leaflets apically acute, abaxially hirsute with low density of unicellular hairs and high density of fasciculate and multiradiate hairs; husks rough, glabrous. |[[Carya tomentosa|Carya tomentosa]] |-id=key-0-8 |8 |Terminal buds 4–10 mm; leaflets (5–)7(–9), abaxially with dense covering of small 4-lobed, irregular, and round peltate scales in spring. |[[#key-0-9| > 9]] |-id=key-0-8 |8 |Terminal buds 3–15 mm; leaflets 3–7(–9), abaxially with sparse to dense covering of small irregular and round peltate scales in spring, 4-lobed scales uncommon. |[[#key-0-10| > 10]] |-id=key-0-9 |9 |Petiole and rachis hirsute with scattered fasciculate hairs and hairs concentrated adaxially near leaflet insertions; leaflets abaxially with inconspicuous scales, large silvery tan peltate scales dense; mainly e of Mississippi River. |[[Carya pallida|Carya pallida]] |-id=key-0-9 |9 |Petiole and rachis with few hairs, hairs not concentrated adaxially near leaflet insertions; leaflets abaxially with conspicuous small rusty brown scales, large silvery tan peltate scales infrequent; mainly w of Mississippi River. |[[Carya texana|Carya texana]] |-id=key-0-10 |10 |Terminal buds 3–9 mm, densely scaly, golden brown to rusty; leaflets 3–7, margins coarsely serrate, surfaces abaxially without small round, dark brown peltate scales; fruits obovoid to oblong, bronze to dark brown; husks dehiscing to base; c Florida. |[[Carya floridana|Carya floridana]] |-id=key-0-10 |10 |Terminal buds 5–15 mm, sparsely scaly, reddish brown to tan; leaflets (3–)5–7(–9), margins finely to coarsely serrate, surfaces abaxially with small round, dark brown peltate scales; fruits obovoid to spheric, tan to reddish brown; husks dehiscing to base or only partially dehiscent; throughout e United States. |[[Carya glabra|Carya glabra]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Carya |author=Donald E. Stone |authority=Nuttall |rank=genus |parent rank=family |synonyms=Hicoria |basionyms= |family=Juglandaceae |distribution=e North America;Mexico;e Asia |reference=None |publication title=Gen. N. Amer. Pl. |publication year= |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V3/V3_993.xml |genus=Carya |bark architecture=furrowed |bark architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth |bark coloration=brownish;gray |bark relief=exfoliating |bark shape=ridged |bracteole arrangement or dehiscence=valvate |bracteole bud fusion=fused |bud-scale arrangement=imbricate;valvate |bud-scale pubescence=pubescent;glabrous |catkin architecture=pedunculate;sessile;staminate |catkin quantity=3 |distal leaflet length=2cm;26cm |distal leaflet size=largest |distal leaflet width=1cm;14cm |flower architecture=pistillate |fruits nut shape=not compressed;compressed |hair arrangement=scattered |husk dehiscence=dehiscing |leaf architecture=odd-pinnate |leaf-scar shape=3-lobed;shield--shaped |leaf-scar size=large |leaflet architecture=petiolulate |leaflet atypical quantity=17;21 |leaflet quantity=3;17 |nut coloration=,;mottled with black or mottled with tan;tan;reddish-brown;tan;reddish-brown;brown |nut relief=verrucose;rugulose;verrucose;rugulose;smooth |nut shape=not angled;angled;not compressed;compressed;not angled;angled;not compressed;compressed |petiole pubescence=glabrous;scaly;pubescent |pith architecture=solid |pith variability=homogeneous |plate length or size=long |plate width=broad |scale arrangement or density=concentrated |scale quantity=abundant |scale shape=plate-like |scale size=small |scale width=broad |secondary-vein pubescence=glabrous |seed taste=bitter;sweet |shell width=thick;thin |stamen atypical quantity=10;15 |stamen quantity=3;10 |strip length or size=long |strip width=broad |surface arrangement=scattered |suture architecture=winged;smooth |terminal spike architecture=few-flowered |tree life cycle=younger |twig coloration=bronze;rusty brown;reddish;bronze;rusty brown;reddish;bronze;rusty brown;reddish;orangish;greenish |twig pubescence=glabrous;scaly;pubescent |twig shape=terete |twig size=stout;slender |whole_organism growth form=shrub;tree |whole_organism some measurement=3m;52m |x chromosome quantity=16 }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Juglandaceae]] Templates used on this page: Template:Juglandaceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Template:Treatment/ID/Synonym (view source) Template:Treatment/Publication (view source) Return to Carya.