View source for Fragaria ← Fragaria You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Fragaria |accepted_authority=Linnaeus |publications={{Treatment/Publication |title=Sp. Pl. |place=1: 494. 1753 |year=1753 }}, {{Treatment/Publication |title=Gen. Pl. ed. |place=5, 218. 1754 |year=1754 }} |common_names=Strawberry;fraisier |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Rosaceae;Rosaceae subfam. Rosoideae;Rosaceae tribe Potentilleae;Fragaria |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Rosaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Rosaceae subfam. Rosoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Rosaceae tribe Potentilleae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Fragaria]]</div></div> |etymology=Latin fraga, fragrance, and aria, possession, alluding to sweet-smelling strawberry fruit |volume=Volume 9 |mention_page=page 19, 120, 131, 132, 272, 301, 304 |treatment_page=page 274 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, acaulescent, 0.2–2.8 dm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form">short-rhizomatous, stoloniferous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem quantity;stem growth form;stem architecture;stolon architecture;stolon pubescence;shoot architecture"><b>Stems </b>1–10 (crowns), procumbent, sympodially branched, stolons not leafy, rooting and producing shoots at every 2d node, glabrate to densely spreading-hairy or appressed-ascending hairy.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf duration;basal leaf arrangement;basal leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>deciduous, basal, alternate, ternate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="stipule duration;stipule fusion;stipule shape;margin architecture or shape">stipules persistent, basally adnate to petiole, lanceolate, margins entire;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="petiole presence">petiole present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade some measurement;blade width;blade texture;leaflet quantity;leaflet shape;leaflet shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin architecture or shape;abaxial surface pubescence;adaxial surface pubescence">blade shallowly deltate to widely ovate or widely depressed ovate, 1–6 cm, thin to thick, sometimes leathery, leaflets 3, usually ovate to obovate, sometimes rhombic to roundish, margins flat, serrate to crenate, venation pinnate, abaxial surface sericeous (at least along veins), adaxial mostly glabrate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="inflorescence position;inflorescence architecture;cyme pubescence"><b>Inflorescences </b>axillary from leaf rosette, 1–10-flowered, cymes, glabrate to densely spreading-hairy or appressed-ascending-hairy;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="bract presence">bracts usually present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="bracteole presence;bracteole duration">bracteoles present, caducous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower reproduction;flower diameter"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual or unisexual (plants synoecious, gynodioecious, dioecious, or trioecious), 12–29.8 mm diam.;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="epicalyx bractlet quantity">epicalyx bractlets 5;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="hypanthium shape;hypanthium diameter;hypanthium pubescence">hypanthium saucer-shaped, 9.5–27.8 mm diam., hairy;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal orientation;sepal shape">sepals 5, spreading, broadly lanceolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="petal atypical quantity;petal quantity;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal shape;base shape">petals 5 [–9], usually white, rarely pink, orbiculate to ovate or obovate, base clawed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="staminodium reproduction;flower architecture">sterile staminodia in pistillate flowers;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen height or length or size;whorl quantity;anther theca quantity">stamens 15 in 3 whorls, shorter than petals, anther thecae 2;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="torus shape">torus globose to conic;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="carpel quantity;carpel pubescence;style position">carpels 30–150, glabrous, styles basal;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="ovule quantity">ovule 1.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="fruit structure subtype"><b>Fruits </b>accessory;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="achene arrangement;achene quantity;achene position;achene position;achene shape;achene shape;achene some measurement;achene pubescence;torus size">aggregated achenes, 30 (or less) –150, borne on enlarged torus, superficial or embedded in torus flesh, ovate or ± ovoid, 1–2 mm, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="torus coloration;torus coloration;torus coloration;torus coloration;torus coloration;torus coloration;torus shape;torus shape;torus shape;torus atypical some measurement;torus some measurement;torus texture;apex shape">torus usually red, wine red, or carmine, rarely white, globose or subglobose to oblong, conic, or oblate, 9–24 (–37) mm, fleshy, apex sometimes pointed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="hypanthium duration">hypanthium persistent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="sepal duration;sepal orientation;sepal orientation;torus architecture or fixation">sepals persistent, spreading, reflexed, or clasping tori;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s26" data-properties="">styles deciduous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s27" data-properties="style duration;x chromosome quantity">x = 7.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=North America;Mexico;South America;Eurasia;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);nearly worldwide |discussion=<p>Species 24 (3 in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>The marginal teeth on terminal leaflets vary in size and number depending on length of the terminal leaflet in the species of Fragaria. The following ratios are used in the keys and descriptions: relative size of teeth (length in mm of terminal leaflet to number of teeth per side) and relative number of teeth (number of teeth per side to length in mm of terminal leaflet). The length to width ratio of leaflets is also given.</p><!-- --><p>Fragaria belongs to subtribe Fragariinae (D. Potter et al. 2007), which is generally characterized by stamens with a single horseshoe-shaped theca (T. Eriksson et al. 2003), and includes, in the flora area, Alchemilla, Aphanes, Chamaerhodos, Comarum, Dasiphora, Drymocallis, Sibbaldia, and Sibbaldiopsis.</p><!-- --><p>Hybrids:</p><!-- --><p>Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier subsp. ananassa [Fragaria chiloensis (Linnaeus) Miller var. ananassa (Duchesne ex Rozier) L. H. Bailey], the garden or dessert strawberry (2n = 56). Fragaria ×ananassa originated under cultivation in Europe from crossings of the cultivated F. chiloensis forma chiloensis and F. virginiana. It is grown today on all continents and occasionally escapes from gardens.</p><!-- --><p>Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier subsp. cuneifolia (Nuttall ex Howell) Staudt [Fragaria cuneifolia Nuttall ex Howell; F. ×ananassa var. cuneifolia (Nuttall ex Howell) Staudt)]</p><!-- --><p>Stolons spreading or appressed ascending-hairy. Leaves dark green to bluish green, slightly glaucous, sometimes dull, ± thin to ± thick, sometimes leathery, abaxial surface mostly not strongly reticulately veined, adaxial glabrous, often shiny; petiole usually densely spreading-hairy (hairs sometimes descending or appressed); terminal leaflets petiolulate, margins serrate to crenate in distal 1/3, terminal tooth shorter than adjacent teeth. Flowers 14–19 (pistillate) mm diam., 17.2–24.9 (staminate or bisexual) mm diam. (plants dioecious, gynodioecious, or trioecious); hypanthium 14.3–23.8 mm diam.; petals round to oval, margins distinct or overlapping. Achenes in shallow pits or embedded, dark reddish brown to dark brown, 1.4–2 mm; bractlets and sepals clasping; torus yellowish red to red, globose, flattened, or conic, not easily separated from hypanthium. 2n = 56.</p><!-- --><p>Subspecies cuneifolia arose in nature from taxa in western North America (G. Staudt 1962). Wild-growing, reciprocal hybrid populations between Fragaria chiloensis subsp. pacifica and F. virginiana subsp. glauca occur in coastal areas between Vancouver Island and Point Sur, California. These plants were recognized by T. J. Howell (1897–1903) as F. cuneifolia Nuttall and by Staudt (1999) as F. ×ananassa subsp. cuneifolia.</p><!-- --><p>Fragaria ×bringhurstii Staudt. Leaves mostly intermediate in texture and hairiness; flowers unisexual, intermediate, usually sterile, sometimes partially fertile; fruits not observed.</p><!-- --><p>Fragaria ×bringhurstii is difficult to differentiate from F. chiloensis and F. ×ananassa subsp. cuneifolia. It has been found at eight localities on the coast of California, in Humboldt, Marin, Monterey, San Mateo, and Sonoma counties. Its origin as hybrids of F. chiloensis and F. vesca subsp. californica can be deduced from its chromosome numbers (2n = 5x = 35, 2n = 6x = 42, and 2n = 9x = 63) and morphology. Reduced and unreduced gametes were involved in both species. Partial fertility and abnormal gamete production in the hybrids may give rise to plants with new chromosome numbers hitherto not known in nature.</p> |tables= |references= }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Leaves thick, leathery, strongly reticulately veined abaxially; achenes 1.4–2 mm, reddish brown to dark brown; coastal w North America. |[[Fragaria chiloensis|Fragaria chiloensis]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Leaves thin, sometimes slightly leathery, not reticulately veined abaxially; achenes 1–1.8 mm, yellowish green to reddish brown; mostly inland North America, sometimes coastal |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Leaves thin, bright green (sometimes darker green in subsp. californica), not glaucous; terminal tooth of terminal leaflet usually longer than or equal to adjacent teeth (sometimes equal to or shorter than adjacent teeth in subsp. californica); achenes 1–1.5 mm; plants hermaphroditic (sometimes pistillate in subsp. bracteata). |[[Fragaria vesca|Fragaria vesca]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Leaves thin but ± stout (slightly thicker than F. vesca), sometimes slightly leathery, green to bluish green, sometimes bright green, sometimes glaucous; terminal tooth of terminal leaflet usually shorter than adjacent teeth; achenes 1.2–1.8 mm; plants hermaphroditic or unisexual. |[[Fragaria virginiana|Fragaria virginiana]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Fragaria |author=Günter Staudt† |authority=Linnaeus |rank=genus |parent rank=tribe |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Rosaceae |distribution=North America;Mexico;South America;Eurasia;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);nearly worldwide |reference=None |publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed. |publication year=1753;1754 |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V9/V9_438.xml |subfamily=Rosaceae subfam. Rosoideae |tribe=Rosaceae tribe Potentilleae |genus=Fragaria |abaxial surface pubescence=sericeous |achene arrangement=aggregated |achene position=embedded in torus flesh;superficial |achene pubescence=glabrous |achene quantity=30;150 |achene shape=ovoid;ovate |achene some measurement=1mm;2mm |adaxial surface pubescence=glabrate |anther theca quantity=2 |apex shape=pointed |basal leaf architecture=ternate |basal leaf arrangement=alternate |base shape=clawed |blade shape=ovate;shallowly deltate;widely ovate or widely depressed |blade some measurement=1cm;6cm |blade texture=leathery |blade width=thin;thick |bract presence=absent |bracteole duration=caducous |bracteole presence=absent |carpel pubescence=glabrous |carpel quantity=30;150 |cyme pubescence=glabrate;densely spreading-hairy or appressed-ascending-hairy |epicalyx bractlet quantity=5 |flower architecture=pistillate |flower diameter=12mm;29.8mm |flower reproduction=unisexual;bisexual |fruit structure subtype=accessory |hypanthium diameter=9.5mm;27.8mm |hypanthium duration=persistent |hypanthium pubescence=hairy |hypanthium shape=saucer--shaped |inflorescence architecture=1-10-flowered |inflorescence position=axillary |leaf duration=deciduous |leaflet quantity=3 |leaflet shape=rhombic;roundish |margin architecture or shape=pinnate;entire |margin shape=serrate;crenate |ovule quantity=1 |pedicel presence=absent |petal atypical quantity=5;9 |petal coloration=pink;white |petal quantity=5 |petal shape=orbiculate;ovate or obovate |petiole presence=absent |sepal duration=persistent |sepal orientation=reflexed;spreading;spreading |sepal quantity=5 |sepal shape=lanceolate |shoot architecture=rooting |stamen height or length or size=shorter |stamen quantity=15 |staminodium reproduction=sterile |stem architecture=branched |stem growth form=procumbent |stem quantity=1;10 |stipule duration=persistent |stipule fusion=adnate |stipule shape=lanceolate |stolon architecture=not leafy |stolon pubescence=glabrate;densely spreading-hairy or appressed-ascending hairy |style duration=deciduous |style position=basal |torus architecture or fixation=clasping |torus atypical some measurement=24mm;37mm |torus coloration=white;carmine;wine red;carmine;wine red;red |torus shape=subglobose;oblong conic or oblate |torus size=enlarged |torus some measurement=9mm;24mm |torus texture=fleshy |whole_organism architecture=stoloniferous;short-rhizomatous;acaulescent |whole_organism duration=perennial |whole_organism growth form=herb |whole_organism some measurement=0.2dm;2.8dm |whorl quantity=3 |x chromosome quantity=7 }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Rosaceae tribe Potentilleae]] Templates used on this page: Template:Rosaceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Template:Treatment/Publication (view source) Return to Fragaria.