View source for Kalmia ← Kalmia You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Kalmia |accepted_authority=Linnaeus |publications={{Treatment/Publication |title=Sp. Pl. |place=1: 391. 1753 |year=1753 }}, {{Treatment/Publication |title=Gen. Pl. ed. |place=5, 185. 1754 , }} |common_names=Laurel |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Ericaceae;Ericaceae subfam. Ericoideae;Kalmia |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Ericaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Ericaceae subfam. Ericoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Kalmia]]</div></div> |etymology=For Peter Kalm, 1715–1779, Swedish botanist, pupil of Linnaeus, collector in eastern North America |volume=Volume 8 |mention_page=page 371, 372, 374, 375, 449, 481 |treatment_page=page 480 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form"><b>Shrubs </b>(rarely trees in K. latifolia).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation"><b>Stems </b>erect, (branched and mat-forming in K. procumbens);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="twig pubescence;twig pubescence;twig pubescence;twig pubescence;twig pubescence;twig pubescence">twigs glabrous, puberulent, or stipitate-glandular, sometimes glabrescent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf arrangement;whorl quantity"><b>Leaves </b>persistent (deciduous in K. cuneata), alternate, opposite, or in whorls of 3;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole presence">petiole present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade texture;margin architecture or shape">blade usually coriaceous, (base cuneate or obtuse), margins entire, (midvein abaxially glabrescent, puberulent, or glandular; buds flattened with 2 exposed, valvate to overlapping scales).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="inflorescence position;inflorescence position;panicle arrangement;panicle architecture;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>axillary or terminal, racemes, umbels, panicles, or fascicles, 2–40-flowered, sometimes flowers solitary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="perula presence">perulae present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties=""><b>Flowers </b>bisexual, radially symmetric;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture or shape;sepal atypical quantity;sepal quantity;sepal fusion">(calyx synsepalous, lobes deeply cleft), sepals (persistent, deciduous in K. hirsuta), (4–) 5, (green or greenish), connate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="petal quantity;petal fusion;petal lengths;petal fusion;corolla duration;corolla architecture;corolla shape;corolla architecture;corolla shape;limb shape;limb architecture or shape;limb shape;pocket quantity;pocket architecture or shape;anther presence">petals 5, connate for nearly their entire lengths or distinct, corolla deciduous, sympetalous and saucer-shaped to polypetalous and campanulate, (tube extending into rotate, shallowly 5-cleft (deeply cleft in K. buxifolia, K. procumbens), commonly 10-keeled limb, limb with 10 saccate pockets in which anthers held under tension, absent in K. buxifolia, K. procumbens);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="">stamens 10 (5 in K. procumbens), included;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen position">(filaments usually hairy near base);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="anther dehiscence">anthers (usually purple), without awns, (ovoid), dehiscent by apical (or longitudinal) slits;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovary (2–) 5-locular, (glabrous, stipitate-glandular in K. buxifolia);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="style position">styles included, (straight or bent);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="stigma architecture or shape">stigma (5-lobed), capitate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="fruit architecture;fruit shape;fruit dehiscence"><b>Fruits </b>capsular, (5-valved), subglobose to globose, dehiscence basipetally septicidal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="seed quantity;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed architecture;seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>ca. 100–150, obovoid, oblong, or ovoid, often winged, tailed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="">testa reticulate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="testa architecture or coloration or relief;x chromosome quantity">x = 12.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=North America;West Indies (Cuba);n;c Europe;n Asia |discussion=<p>Dendrium Desvaux; Kalmiella Small; Ledum Linnaeus sect. Leiophyllum Persoon; Leiophyllum (Persoon) R. Hedwig; Loiseleuria Desvaux</p><!-- --><p>Species 10 (8 in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>The inclusion here of Kalmia procumbens and K. buxifolia, traditionally treated as the monotypic genera Loiseleuria and Leiophyllum, is in keeping with the results of recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies. P. F. Stevens et al. (2004) also included Leiophyllum and Loiseleuria within an expanded Kalmia. These two species have evolved deeply cleft corollas with nearly separate petals, and thus lost the characteristic pockets of Kalmia; otherwise they are typical for the genus.</p><!-- --><p>Kalmia has beautiful flowers that have long attracted the interests of horticulturists. It is economically important as an ornamental, with the most important species being K. angustifolia and K. latifolia (M. A. Dirr 1998; R. A. Jaynes 1988).</p><!-- --><p>The mechanism of pollen discharge is a distinctive feature of most species of the genus, recognized since at least 1772 (A. Kress 1988). In anthesis, the anthers are snapped out of the pockets when insects disturb the bending filaments, dusting the insect body with pollen grains. Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) were found to be effective pollinators of Kalmia (J. E. Ebinger 1974).</p><!-- --><p>In medicine, it is reported that Kalmia latifolia can be used as a cure for diarrhea and itching, the leaf powder as snuff, and K. hirsuta as a cure for itching and mange in dogs (R. A. Jaynes 1988). Kalmia latifolia has an antimicrobial effect (R. M. Heisey and B. K. Gorham 1992).</p><!-- --><p>It is possible that all Kalmia species are poisonous to humans and livestock, and it is known that K. angustifolia, K. latifolia, K. microphylla, and K. polifolia are poisonous to livestock (B. S. Barton 1802; A. B. Clawson 1933; W. A. Dayton 1931; J. E. Ebinger 1974; R. A. Jaynes 1988; J. M. Kingsbury 1964; C. D. Marsh and A. B. Clawson 1930; W. C. Muenscher 1951). Sheep become sick when given leaves of K. angustifolia totalling as little as 0.15% of the animal body weight (Jaynes). The poisonous compound was identified as grayanotoxin I (andromedotoxin or acetyl-andromedol), a diterpene (J. W. Burke and R. W. Doskotch 1990; S. D. Mancini and J. M. Edwards 1979).</p> |tables= |references= }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Petals distinct nearly their entire lengths. |[[Kalmia buxifolia|Kalmia buxifolia]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Petals connate ca. 1/2 to nearly their entire lengths |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Leaves opposite; inflorescences terminal, corymbiform racemes or umbels |[[#key-0-3| > 3]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Leaves alternate (rarely opposite) or in whorls; inflorescences solitary flowers or fascicles, racemes, or panicles |[[#key-0-5| > 5]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Midribs of leaf blades with purple, clavate trichomes; seeds 1.5-2.2 mm. |[[Kalmia polifolia|Kalmia polifolia]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Midribs of leaf blades without trichomes; seeds 0.5-1.4 mm |[[#key-0-4| > 4]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Capsules 5-locular; petals 7-9 mm, shallowly cleft; stamens 10. |[[Kalmia microphylla|Kalmia microphylla]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Capsules 2-3-locular; petals 3-5 mm, cleft ca. 1/2 their lengths; stamens 5. |[[Kalmia procumbens|Kalmia procumbens]] |-id=key-0-5 |5 |Leaves usually in whorls of 3 (rarely alternate or opposite) |[[Kalmia angustifolia|Kalmia angustifolia]] |-id=key-0-5 |5 |Leaves alternate or seemingly whorled |[[#key-0-6| > 6]] |-id=key-0-6 |6 |Leaves deciduous; petals white with red band adaxially. |[[Kalmia cuneata|Kalmia cuneata]] |-id=key-0-6 |6 |Leaves persistent; petals white to pink or red |[[#key-0-7| > 7]] |-id=key-0-7 |7 |Plants 8(-12) m; leaf blade surfaces glabrous adaxially (only midrib puberulent), 4-12 cm; inflorescences terminal panicles |[[Kalmia latifolia|Kalmia latifolia]] |-id=key-0-7 |7 |Plants 0.6(-1.2) m; leaf blade surfaces usually hairy, 0.5-1.4 cm; inflorescences solitary flowers or, sometimes, fascicles or racemes, scattered along stem in leaf axils. |[[Kalmia hirsuta|Kalmia hirsuta]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Kalmia |author=Shunguo Liu;Keith E. Denford;John E. Ebinger;John G. Packer;Gordon C. Tucker |authority=Linnaeus |rank=genus |parent rank=subfamily |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Ericaceae |illustrator=Barbara Alongi |illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association |distribution=North America;West Indies (Cuba);n;c Europe;n Asia |reference=None |publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed. |publication year=1753; |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V8/V8_938.xml |subfamily=Ericaceae subfam. Ericoideae |genus=Kalmia |anther dehiscence=dehiscent |anther presence=absent |blade texture=coriaceous |corolla architecture=polypetalous;sympetalous |corolla duration=deciduous |corolla shape=campanulate;saucer--shaped |flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary |flower architecture or shape=symmetric |flower reproduction=bisexual |fruit architecture=capsular |fruit dehiscence=septicidal |fruit shape=subglobose;globose |inflorescence position=terminal;axillary |leaf arrangement=alternate |leaf duration=persistent |limb architecture or shape=5-cleft |limb shape=10-keeled;rotate |margin architecture or shape=entire |ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=(2-)5-locular |panicle architecture=2-40-flowered |panicle arrangement=fascicles |perula presence=absent |petal fusion=distinct;connate |petal lengths=entire |petal quantity=5 |petiole presence=absent |pocket architecture or shape=saccate |pocket quantity=10 |seed architecture=winged |seed quantity=100;150 |seed shape=tailed;ovoid;oblong;ovoid;oblong;obovoid |sepal atypical quantity=4;5 |sepal fusion=connate |sepal quantity=5 |stamen position=included |stamen quantity=10 |stem orientation=erect |stigma architecture or shape=capitate |style position=included |testa architecture or coloration or relief=reticulate |twig pubescence=glabrescent;stipitate-glandular;puberulent;stipitate-glandular;puberulent;glabrous |whole_organism growth form=shrub |whorl quantity=3 |x chromosome quantity=12 }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Ericaceae subfam. 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