View source for Limonium

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Limonium
|accepted_authority=Miller
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|place=4, vol. 2. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Sea lavender;statice;marsh rosemary
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Plumbaginaceae;Limonium
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Plumbaginaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Limonium]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek leimon, meadow, referring to frequent occurrence of some species on salt meadows
|volume=Volume 5
|mention_page=page 602, 603, 610
|treatment_page=page 606
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>herbs, usually perennial, scapose, acaulescent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="plants herb duration;plants herb architecture;plants herb architecture;plants herb architecture;plants herb architecture">taprooted or rhizomatous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf position;leaf architecture;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>basal (sometimes also on inflorescence axes), sessile or petiolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="blade coloration or relief;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade texture;base shape;margin shape;apex shape">blade often punctate, elliptic to obovate, oblanceolate, spatulate, oblong, or round, usually coriaceous, base usually long-attenuate, margins entire or toothed to pinnatifid, apex rounded to apiculate or retuse.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="spikelet architecture;spikelet architecture"><b>Inflorescences </b>usually of terminal panicles or corymbs, ultimate branch tips bearing secund, usually 1–3 (–5) -flowered spikelets.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="pedicel presence;pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>absent or present (very short, subtended by 3 or 4 sheathing bracts).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="flower architecture"><b>Flowers </b>homostylous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="calyx shape;calyx architecture or shape;calyx pubescence;calyx pubescence;calyx architecture or arrangement or shape or vernation;lobe shape;lobe size;lobe fusion;calyx mouth architecture or relief">calyx tubular to funnelform, 5-ribbed, glabrous or pubescent, plicate, lobes oblong to triangular, sometimes with smaller intervening lobes, or lobes ± connate and calyx mouth erose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="petal fusion;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal shape">petals nearly distinct, white, lavender, or yellow, long-clawed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="filament fusion">filaments adnate to base of corolla;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="anther position">anthers included;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="style quantity;style fusion">styles 5, distinct to base;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stigma shape;stigma relief">stigmas linear-clavate, papillate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="calyx duration;corolla condition;corolla condition;style base condition"><b>Fruits </b>utricles, usually exserted from persistent calyx, brownish green, usually capped by marcescent corolla and style bases.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="fruits utricle coloration;fruits utricle architecture;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 8, 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Worldwide;especially from Mediterranean region east to c Asia
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 300 (8 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The greatest diversity in Limonium is found in Europe (ca. 100 species and many subspecies; see S. Pignatti 1972) and in Mediterranean and central Asian regions, often on saline or calcareous soils and cliffs near the coasts; other species are found in saline marshlands. The showiest species (L. arborescens and L. perezii), with a persistent blue-purple to lavender calyx, have their origin in the Canary Islands; they are often cultivated for ornament or their inflorescences are air-dried for floral arrangements under their Linnaean name “Statice.” Other species have been used in rock gardens. Six species are locally naturalized in California.</p><!--
--><p>Limonium vulgare Miller (Statice limonium Linnaeus), similar morphologically to L. carolinianum, has been reported by H. J. Scoggan (1978–1979, part 4) from central Saskatchewan and southern Ontario (“in a weedy...cemetery...York Co., where ‘growing without cultivation’”). It is doubtful that the species persists or is spreading. Recent revisitation of the site in Ontario by J. E. Eckenwalder (pers. comm.) suggests that Limonium vulgare is no longer extant there. Limonium leptostachyum (Boissier) Kuntze (S. leptostachya Boissier) has been reported from New York by R. S. Mitchell and G. C. Tucker (1997); it is doubtful that this central Asian species is naturalized in the flora area. It differs from all other species in the flora area by having small (10–30 × 5 mm), deeply pinnatifid leaves and narrow, spikelike inflorescences.</p><!--
--><p>Some species of Limonium, e.g., L. sinuatum, have dimorphic pollen and stigmas that result in self-incompatibility, although the native species in the flora area have been shown to be self-compatible (H. G. Baker 1953b). Agamospermy is also common in some extraterritorial species, and this may account, in part, for the taxonomic difficulty in some groups of Limonium.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=baker1953a
|text=Baker, H. G. 1953b. Dimorphism and monomorphism in the Plumbaginaceae II. Pollen and stigmata in the genus Limonium. Ann. Bot. (Oxford), n. s. 17: 433–445.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=luteyn1976a
|text=Luteyn, J. L. 1976. Revision of Limonium (Plumbaginaceae) in eastern North America. Brittonia 28: 303–317.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blade margins pinnately lobed; inflorescence axes with 3-5 wings, these with linear leaflike appendages 2-8 × 0.2-0.5 cm and stiff, stout hairs to ca. 1.5 mm
|[[Limonium sinuatum|Limonium sinuatum]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blade margins ± entire or obscurely undulate; inflorescence axes not winged, or if winged, then wings 2(-3), linear leaflike appendages absent, glabrous
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Inflorescences with some nonflowering branches
|[[Limonium otolepis|Limonium otolepis]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Inflorescences with all (or nearly all) branches bearing flowers
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences greater than 1 m, axes strongly winged, wings leaflike, veined
|[[Limonium arborescens|Limonium arborescens]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences less than 1 m, axes not winged
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Calyces blue-purple distally; leaf blades round to broadly ovate or subcordate, bases abruptly narrowed, nearly as broad as long; floral bracts ciliate or fimbriate on margins; coastal s California
|[[Limonium perezii|Limonium perezii]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Calyces whitish distally; leaf blades obovate to oblong or oblanceolate, bases gradually tapered; floral bracts glabrous at margins; widespread
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf blades less than 4 × 1.5 cm, each with single midrib and sometimes 2 lesser, ± parallel veins; petals pink to lavender, exserted 2-3 mm from calyx;calyx ribs glabrous; coastal salt marshes of s California
|[[Limonium ramosissimum|Limonium ramosissimum]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf blades more than 4 × 1.5 cm, pinnately veined; petals lavender or whitish, exserted 0-2 mm from calyx; calyx ribs often pilose, sometimes glabrous; widespread
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Calyx lobes spreading at maturity; spikelets always densely aggregated at tips of inflorescence branches; inland alkaline areas
|[[Limonium limbatum|Limonium limbatum]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Calyx lobes ascending or erect at maturity; spikelets not aggregated, or loosely to moderately or densely aggregated along inflorescence branches; coastal salt marshes or flats
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Spikelets loosely to moderately densely aggregated along inflorescence branches; leaf blade apices cuspidate, cusps 1-3 mm,soon falling; Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains
|[[Limonium carolinianum|Limonium carolinianum]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Spikelets moderately to densely aggregated along inflorescence branches; leaf blade apices rounded or, occasionally, retuse at tips, rarely cuspidate (cusps less than 0.5 mm); California and Oregoncoasts, Arizona, s Nevada
|[[Limonium californicum|Limonium californicum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Limonium
|author=Alan R. Smith
|authority=Miller
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Plumbaginaceae
|distribution=Worldwide;especially from Mediterranean region east to c Asia
|reference=baker1953a;luteyn1976a
|publication title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|publication year=1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V5/V5_1233.xml
|genus=Limonium
|anther position=included
|apex shape=rounded;apiculate or retuse
|base shape=long-attenuate
|blade coloration or relief=punctate
|blade shape=elliptic;obovate oblanceolate spatulate oblong or round
|blade texture=coriaceous
|calyx architecture or arrangement or shape or vernation=plicate
|calyx architecture or shape=5-ribbed
|calyx duration=persistent
|calyx mouth architecture or relief=erose
|calyx pubescence=pubescent;glabrous
|calyx shape=tubular
|corolla condition=marcescent;marcescent
|filament fusion=adnate
|flower architecture=homostylous
|fruits utricle architecture=capped
|fruits utricle coloration=brownish green
|leaf architecture=petiolate;sessile
|leaf position=basal
|lobe fusion=connate
|lobe shape=oblong;triangular
|lobe size=smaller
|margin shape=toothed;pinnatifid
|pedicel presence=absent;absent
|petal coloration=yellow;lavender;yellow;lavender;white
|petal fusion=distinct
|petal shape=long-clawed
|plants herb architecture=rhizomatous;taprooted;acaulescent;scapose
|plants herb duration=perennial
|spikelet architecture=1-3(-5)-flowered;secund
|stigma relief=papillate
|stigma shape=linear-clavate
|style base condition=marcescent
|style fusion=distinct
|style quantity=5
|x chromosome quantity=9;8
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Plumbaginaceae]]