View source for Ptychostomum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Ptychostomum
|accepted_authority=Hornschuch
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Syll. Pl. Nov.
|place=1: 62. 1822
|year=1822
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Bryaceae;Ptychostomum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Bryaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Ptychostomum]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek ptychos, fold, and stoma, mouth, alluding to pleated appearance of capsule mouth
|volume=Volume 28
|mention_page=page 10, 119, 132, 173, 178, 659
|treatment_page=page 155
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism size;whole_organism size;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism growth form;turf density;turf architecture"><b>Plants </b>small to very large, in dense or open turfs, red, pink, yellow-green, or brown-green.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem atypical some measurement;stem some measurement;stem arrangement or pubescence;stem pubescence;stem architecture;stem architecture;innovation architecture"><b>Stems </b>0.5–4 (–12) cm, tufted, comose or evenly foliate, freely branching by subfloral innovations;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="rhizoid quantity;rhizoid presence">rhizoids few-to-many, micronemata and macronemata present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf arrangement or shape;leaf size;leaf orientation;leaf shape;leaf shape;leaf shape;leaf shape;leaf atypical some measurement;leaf atypical some measurement;leaf some measurement"><b>Leaves </b>weakly to strongly contorted or shrunken when dry, erect to erect-spreading when moist, ovate, ovatelanceolate, or orbicular, flat to concave, (0.5–) 1–4 (–5) mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="base shape;base shape">base decurrent or not;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="margin shape;margin shape;margin architecture;margin architecture;limbidium presence">margins plane or revolute, entire to denticulate distally, 1-stratose or 2-stratose, limbidium usually present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="apex shape">apex obtuse to acuminate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="costa architecture;awn architecture or pubescence or relief;awn shape;layer quantity">costa usually percurrent to long-excurrent, awn smooth or denticulate, guide cells usually present in 1 layer;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="cell variability">alar cells not differentiated;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="laminal areolation variability">laminal areolation heterogeneous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="proximal laminal cell height or length or size;proximal laminal cell shape;proximal laminal cell length or size;proximal laminal cell quantity;proximal laminal cell quantity">proximal laminal cells gradually short to long-rectangular, usually longer than more distal cells, 2–4: 1;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="medial and distal cell shape;medial and distal cell quantity;medial and distal cell quantity">medial and distal cells rhomboidal to hexagonal, usually 2–4: 1, walls thin to very incrassate, porose or not.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="rhizoid reproduction;rhizoid quantity"><b>Specialized </b>asexual reproduction rare, by filiform gemmae in stem-leaf axils and on rhizoids.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="wall width;wall size;wall architecture;wall architecture;wall development;wall reproduction;wall reproduction;wall reproduction;wall reproduction;wall reproduction;wall reproduction;wall reproduction"><b>Sexual </b>condition dioicous, synoicous, autoicous, or polyoicous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="perigonium position or structure subtype;perichaetium position or structure subtype">perigonia and perichaetia terminal;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="perigonial and perichaetial leaf variability;outer leaf size;outer leaf shape;inner leaf size;inner leaf shape">perigonial and perichaetial leaves somewhat differentiated, outer leaves somewhat enlarged and more acuminate, inner leaves smaller, narrowly ovatelanceolate to triangular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="seta quantity;seta course"><b>Seta </b>single, straight to flexuose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="capsule variability;capsule orientation;capsule orientation;capsule orientation;capsule orientation;capsule orientation;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule atypical some measurement;capsule some measurement"><b>Capsule </b>highly variable, suberect, inclined, or nutant, ovate, obovate, pyriform, clavate, or turbinate, 2–6 (–7) mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="hypophysis size;hypophysis width">hypophysis slender or thick;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="operculum shape;operculum shape">operculum conic to low-convex, rounded to apiculate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="">peristome double;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="exostome coloration;exostome coloration;exostome coloration;exostome coloration;exostome coloration;exostome coloration;tooth development;tooth shape">exostome yellow, orange, or brown basally, usually hyaline distally, teeth well developed, lanceolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="endostome fusion;basal membrane height;segment development;segment architecture;cilium height or length or size;cilium architecture;cilium presence">endostome sometimes adherent to exostome at base, basal membrane high, segments usually well developed, narrowly to broadly perforated, cilia variously short and appendiculate, or absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="spore arrangement;spore size;spore some measurement;spore relief;spore coloration;spore coloration;spore coloration;spore coloration;spore coloration;spore coloration"><b>Spores </b>shed singly, size often variable in same collection and capsule, 10–50 µm, smooth to distinctly papillose, yellow, brown, black, or green.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Nearly worldwide;mostly in Northern Hemisphere in arctic;boreal and alpine regions;plus the Southern Hemisphere in cold-temperate to subantarctic regions
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 60 (31 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Species of Ptychostomum exhibit a primary radiation in the Northern Hemisphere, where they form a maze of polyploid arctic-boreal populations that exhibit high variability and often grade into one another. The plants occur on soil, mud, peat, or less commonly on rock or wood. Many species are distinguished by minor differences in capsule shape, operculum development, and peristome structure. The two main subgenera of Ptychostomum reflect those species with relatively short proximal laminal cells, inflated subalar cells, 1-stratose limbidium, and comose stems (subg. Cladodium), and those with more elongate foliate stems, not particularly comose, with long-rectangular proximal laminal cells, a thin, partially 2-stratose border, and non-inflated subalar cells (subg. Ptychostomum). This treatment does not make use of taxonomic sections since there is considerable confusion over the correct names, with many invalidly published. A. L. Andrews (1935), E. Nyholm (1986+, fasc. 3), A. J. E. Smith (2004), and V. I. Zolotov (2000) provided valuable treatments of most species in the flora area. For many species, mature capsules, spores, and sexual condition are needed for correct determination.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf bases red or pink; distal leaves usually somewhat enlarged; limbidium distinct to indistinct, 1-stratose; distal laminal cells not lax, usually 3-4:1, rhomboidal to hexagonal; proximal cells same length as medial, sometimes longer, rectangular, rarely short-rectangular; subalar cells inflated, pink, on gametoecial and inner comal leaves.
|[[Ptychostomum subg. Cladodium|Ptychostomum subg. Cladodium]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf bases green, or if red then same color as rest of leaf; distal leaves sometimes enlarged; limbidium indistinct, partially 2-stratose (1-stratose in P. marratii); distal laminal cells lax, 2-4:1, short-rhomboidal; proximal cells longer than medial, rectangular; subalar cells not inflated or pink.
|[[Ptychostomum subg. Ptychostomum|Ptychostomum subg. Ptychostomum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Ptychostomum
|author=John R. Spence
|authority=Hornschuch
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Bryaceae
|distribution=Nearly worldwide;mostly in Northern Hemisphere in arctic;boreal and alpine regions;plus the Southern Hemisphere in cold-temperate to subantarctic regions
|reference=None
|publication title=Syll. Pl. Nov.
|publication year=1822
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V28/V28_247.xml
|genus=Ptychostomum
|apex shape=obtuse;acuminate
|awn architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|awn shape=denticulate
|basal membrane height=high
|base shape=not;decurrent
|capsule atypical some measurement=6mm;7mm
|capsule orientation=nutant;inclined;nutant;inclined;suberect
|capsule shape=turbinate;clavate;turbinate;clavate;pyriform;obovate;ovate
|capsule some measurement=2mm;6mm
|capsule variability=variable
|cell variability=not differentiated
|cilium architecture=appendiculate
|cilium height or length or size=short
|cilium presence=absent
|costa architecture=usually percurrent;long-excurrent
|endostome fusion=adherent
|exostome coloration=hyaline;brown;orange;brown;orange;yellow
|hypophysis size=slender
|hypophysis width=thick
|inner leaf shape=narrowly ovatelanceolate;triangular
|inner leaf size=smaller
|innovation architecture=subfloral
|laminal areolation variability=heterogeneous
|layer quantity=1
|leaf arrangement or shape=contorted
|leaf atypical some measurement=4mm;5mm
|leaf orientation=erect;erect-spreading
|leaf shape=orbicular flat;concave
|leaf size=shrunken
|leaf some measurement=1mm;4mm
|limbidium presence=absent
|margin architecture=2-stratose;1-stratose
|margin shape=revolute entire;denticulate
|medial and distal cell quantity=1;2;4
|medial and distal cell shape=rhomboidal;hexagonal
|operculum shape=conic;low-convex rounded
|outer leaf shape=acuminate
|outer leaf size=enlarged
|perichaetium position or structure subtype=terminal
|perigonial and perichaetial leaf variability=differentiated
|perigonium position or structure subtype=terminal
|proximal laminal cell height or length or size=short
|proximal laminal cell length or size=usually longer
|proximal laminal cell quantity=1;2;4
|proximal laminal cell shape=long-rectangular
|rhizoid presence=absent
|rhizoid quantity=rare;few;many
|rhizoid reproduction=asexual
|segment architecture=perforated
|segment development=developed
|seta course=straight;flexuose
|seta quantity=single
|spore arrangement=singly
|spore coloration=green;black;green;black;brown;yellow
|spore relief=smooth;distinctly papillose
|spore size=variable
|spore some measurement=10um;50um
|stem architecture=branching;foliate
|stem arrangement or pubescence=tufted
|stem atypical some measurement=4cm;12cm
|stem pubescence=comose
|stem some measurement=0.5cm;4cm
|tooth development=developed
|tooth shape=lanceolate
|turf architecture=open
|turf density=dense
|wall architecture=not;porose
|wall development=specialized
|wall reproduction=polyoicous;autoicous;polyoicous;autoicous;synoicous;dioicous;sexual
|wall size=incrassate
|wall width=thin
|whole_organism coloration=brown-green;yellow-green;brown-green;yellow-green;pink;red
|whole_organism growth form=plant
|whole_organism size=large;small to very
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Bryaceae]]