FNA Volume 3. Trees or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous. Bark gray to dark-brown or black, smooth or furrowed. Leaf-blade lobed or unlobed, margins entire
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451, 466, 469. Plants prostrate to spreading or erect, mostly thinly pubescent. Leaf-blades linear to lanceolate, obovate, round, or spatulate. Stems
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didynamous, filaments glabrous or glandular-puberulent proximally, rarely pubescent proximally and/or distally; staminode 1, threadlike to straplike; nectaries
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distinct or connate; stigmas capitate. Achenes included or exserted, brown or dark-brown to black, not winged, discoid, biconvex, 2–3-gonous, or spheroidal
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proximally, very rarely glabrous. Achenes light to dark-brown, not winged, 3-gonous, glabrous or pubescent only on beak. Seeds: embryo straight or curved. w
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or truncate-spheric, indurate, hairy; mericarps [7–] 9–30, drying tan to brown, 1-celled or 2-celled, without dorsal spur, distally extended or not, usually
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broadly scarious (P. serrulatus), glabrous or glandular-pubescent, rarely scabrous, puberulent, pubescent, or ciliolate; corolla lavender to blue, violet, purple
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growth green to reddish, pubescent or glabrous, 1-year old usually golden green to tan, sometimes deep reddish-brown or gray-brown, older graying; thorns
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2–100 cm. Petiole brown, black, straw-colored, or gray, rounded, flattened or with single longitudinal groove adaxially, glabrous or pubescent, usually with
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included; filaments variously pubescent but usually pilose proximally, infrequently glabrous. Achenes light to dark-brown, not winged (but nearly so in
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purple, or lavender, thinly pubescent; stamens 3–9; filaments adnate at base of floral-tube. Achenes light-brown to dark-brown, lenticular or globose-lenticular
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new growth usually pubescent, sometimes glabrate or glabrous, 1-year old purple-brown, older gray or dark gray, sometimes gray-brown; thorns on twigs absent
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tan, gray, or brown, flattened to subspheric, 2–7 mm, each completely enclosed by bony funicular envelope, glabrous or sometimes pubescent, its vascular-bundle
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rarely sparsely glandular-pubescent proximally. Capsules glabrous or sparsely glandular-pubescent distally. Seeds brown to dark-brown or black, angled, rarely
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0-5-veined, usually pubescent; lower florets sterile; lower lemmas membranous, usually as long as the upper lemmas, usually pubescent, (3) 5-7 (13) -veined;
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[subshrubs]; (caudex simple or branched); scapose or not; glabrous or pubescent, trichomes stalked or sessile, simple, forked, cruciform, stellate, malpighiaceous
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(Callitriche), drupes (Hippuris), or drupelike (Lagotis). Seeds 1–300, white, tan, brown, yellow, gray, black, maroon, or red, ovoid to ellipsoid, cylindric, globular
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less often brown, tan, or pale green at base. Leaves: basal sheaths usually bladeless, sometimes fibrous; sheath fronts white-hyaline to brown-hyaline, rarely
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or subshrubs. Stems glabrous or retrorsely hairy, sometimes glandular-pubescent distally, glaucous or not. Leaves cauline, opposite, rarely subopposite
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occasionally pubescent; bracts ascending, erect, or rarely reflexed; peduncle sometimes scapelike, sometimes extending beyond leaves, sometimes pubescent. Flowers
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