View source for Tonestus ← Tonestus You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Tonestus |accepted_authority=A. Nelson |publications={{Treatment/Publication |title=Bot. Gaz. |place=37: 262. 1904 |year=1904 }} |common_names=Serpentweed |basionyms= |synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym |name=Haplopappus sect. Tonestus |authority=(A. Nelson) H. M. Hall |rank=section }} |hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Astereae;Tonestus |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Astereae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Tonestus]]</div></div> |etymology=Anagram of generic name Stenotus |volume=Volume 20 |mention_page=page 13, 16, 173, 178, 182, 362, 382, 413 |treatment_page=page 181 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism some measurement;whole-organism duration"><b>Perennials,</b> 1–21 cm (cespitose, sometimes mat-forming; taproots usually ± well developed, poorly so in T. lyallii, caudices branched or rhizomes short).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem pubescence;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>erect, simple, hairy and/or ± densely stipitate-glandular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties=""><b>Leaves </b>basal and cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="">alternate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture;leaf architecture">petiolate (basal and cauline) or sessile (cauline);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="basal blade architecture;basal blade architecture;basal blade architecture;basal blade architecture;basal blade architecture;basal blade shape;cauline blade size;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin architecture or pubescence or shape;face pubescence;face pubescence;face architecture;face pubescence">basal blades 1-nerved, 3-nerved, or 5-nerved, linear to broadly spatulate, cauline progressively reduced distally (bases ± clasping), margins entire, coarsely and irregularly serrate, dentate, or lobed, sometimes ciliate, faces glabrous or scabrous, eglandular or stipitate-glandular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="head architecture;head architecture"><b>Heads </b>radiate or discoid, in usually racemiform, sometimes corymbiform arrays.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre length;involucre width"><b>Involucres </b>narrowly to broadly campanulate, (5–28 ×) 6–20 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="phyllarie atypical quantity;phyllarie quantity;phyllarie coloration;phyllarie coloration;phyllarie architecture;phyllarie architecture;phyllarie variability;phyllarie size;phyllarie pubescence or texture;series atypical quantity;series quantity;margin pubescence;margin pubescence;face pubescence"><b>Phyllaries </b>16–34 (–44) in 3–4 (–5) series, usually green, sometimes anthocyanic, 1-nerved or weakly 3–5-nerved (flat), equal to unequal, sometimes chartaceous proximally, margins ciliolate or eciliate, faces often stipitate-glandular at least distally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="outer phyllarie shape;outer phyllarie shape;outer phyllarie shape;outer phyllarie shape;outer phyllarie shape;outer phyllarie architecture">outer ovate, oblong, or broadly lanceolate, often foliaceous (apices rounded, obtuse, or acute);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="inner phyllarie shape;margin texture;margin shape;face pubescence">inner linear to narrowly oblong, margins scarious, fimbriate (apices acute to acuminate, sometimes reflexed), faces sometimes stipitate-glandular distally.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="receptacle shape;receptacle relief;receptacle architecture"><b>Receptacles </b>convex, pitted, epaleate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="ray-floret presence;ray-floret atypical quantity;ray-floret quantity;ray-floret architecture;ray-floret reproduction"><b>Ray-</b>florets 0, or 10–23 (–35), pistillate, fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="corolla coloration">corollas yellow (tubes sparsely hairy, laminae narrowly elliptic, coiling at maturity).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="disc-floret quantity;disc-floret reproduction;disc-floret reproduction"><b>Disc-</b>florets 13–66, bisexual, fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="corolla coloration;tube height or length or size;throat size;lobe quantity;lobe orientation;lobe orientation;lobe shape">corollas yellow, tubes (glabrous or sparsely hairy) shorter than narrowly funnelform to ± ampliate throats, lobes 5, erect or spreading, deltate to broadly lanceolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="style-branch appendage shape">style-branch appendages subulate to lanceolate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="cypsela shape;cypsela shape;cypsela architecture;face pubescence;face pubescence"><b>Cypselae </b>cylindric to linear, terete, 4–12-nerved, faces glabrous or villous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="pappus duration;pappus variability;pappus fragility;pappus fragility;pappus width;pappus architecture;series quantity">pappi persistent, of 30–60 whitish, ± equal, brittle or flexible, fine, barbellate, apically attenuate bristles in 1 series (± equaling corollas).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="bristle shape;x chromosome quantity">x = 9.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=w North America |discussion=<p>Species 4 (4 in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>Recent work by L. Brouillet et al. (2004) and R. P. Roberts and L. E. Urbatsch (2004) has refined our understanding of the affinities of taxa included by G. L. Nesom and D. R. Morgan (1990) in Tonestus, some of which are now referred to Eurybia, Lorandersonia, or Toiyabea. In spite of these revisions, Tonestus appears to comprise at least three distinct elements. Two species primarily of the Rocky Mountains and ranges of the Pacific Northwest, T. lyallii and T. pygmaeus, resemble one another morphologically; molecular systematic studies by Roberts and Urbatsch suggested that these may be more closely related to different elements of the Solidagininae than they are to each other or to the remainder of the taxa included here in Tonestus. Likewise, while morphologic evidence indicates that T. eximius and T. peirsonii are closely related, the work of Roberts and Urbatsch placed the decaploid T. peirsonii in a clade with members of Lorandersonia wherein it is treated here; T. eximius is placed within a largely unresolved clade of the Solidagininae. Tonestus graniticus is included here mostly as a matter of convenience. It bears only superficial resemblance to other taxa included in the genus, differing in habit, array of heads, involucre, and hair type. The placement of this species within Solidagininae remains uncertain, although the work of Roberts and Urbatsch suggested that it may be related to Chrysothamnus. The treatment presented here must be considered tentative, at best. Tonestus pygmaeus is the nomenclatural type of the genus; further refinement of the taxonomy of this difficult group may require nomenclatural innovations.</p> |tables= |references= }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Leaf margins entire; Rocky Mountains, ranges of the Pacific Northwest, rarely ranges of n California and nw Nevada |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Leaf margins serrate, dentate, or lobed; s Great Basin or Sierra Nevada ranges |[[#key-0-3| > 3]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Plants densely stipitate-glandular, otherwise glabrous; outer phyllaries oblong to broadly lanceolate, apices acute; cypselae glabrous or sparsely hairy distally |[[Tonestus lyallii|Tonestus lyallii]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Plants eglandular or sparsely stipitate-glandular, non-glandular hairs present at least as cilia on leaves and phyllaries; outer phyllaries ovate to oblong, apices obtuse or rounded; cypselae villous |[[Tonestus pygmaeus|Tonestus pygmaeus]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Leaves glabrous; heads radiate, 1 or 2(–4); involucres (9–)12–25(–28) × (5–)8–20 mm; ec California, Washoe County, Nevada |[[Tonestus eximius|Tonestus eximius]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Leaves scabrous; heads discoid, (1–)3–7(–11); involucres 5–9 × 6–10 mm; Esmeralda County, Nevada |[[Tonestus graniticus|Tonestus graniticus]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Tonestus |author=Caleb A. Morse |authority=A. Nelson |rank=genus |parent rank=tribe |synonyms=Haplopappus sect. Tonestus |basionyms= |family=Asteraceae |illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey |illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association |distribution=w North America |reference=None |publication title=Bot. Gaz. |publication year=1904 |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V20_395.xml |tribe=Asteraceae tribe Astereae |genus=Tonestus |basal blade architecture=5-nerved;3-nerved;5-nerved;3-nerved;1-nerved |basal blade shape=linear;broadly spatulate |bristle shape=attenuate |cauline blade size=reduced |corolla coloration=yellow;yellow |cypsela architecture=4-12-nerved |cypsela shape=terete;cylindric;linear |disc-floret quantity=13;66 |disc-floret reproduction=fertile;bisexual |face architecture=eglandular |face pubescence=villous;glabrous;stipitate-glandular;stipitate-glandular;stipitate-glandular;scabrous;glabrous |head architecture=discoid;radiate |inner phyllarie shape=linear;narrowly oblong |involucre length=[5mm;28mm |involucre shape=campanulate |involucre width=]6mm;20mm |leaf architecture=sessile;petiolate |leaf arrangement=alternate |leaf position=cauline;basal |lobe orientation=spreading;erect |lobe quantity=5 |lobe shape=deltate;broadly lanceolate |margin architecture or pubescence or shape=ciliate |margin architecture or shape=serrate;entire |margin pubescence=eciliate;ciliolate |margin shape=fimbriate;lobed;dentate;lobed;dentate |margin texture=scarious |outer phyllarie architecture=foliaceous |outer phyllarie shape=lanceolate;oblong;lanceolate;oblong;ovate |pappus architecture=barbellate |pappus duration=persistent |pappus fragility=pliable;brittle |pappus variability=equal |pappus width=fine |phyllarie architecture=3-5-nerved;1-nerved |phyllarie atypical quantity=34;44 |phyllarie coloration=anthocyanic;green |phyllarie pubescence or texture=chartaceous |phyllarie quantity=16;34 |phyllarie size=unequal |phyllarie variability=equal |ray-floret architecture=pistillate |ray-floret atypical quantity=23;35 |ray-floret presence=absent |ray-floret quantity=10;23 |ray-floret reproduction=fertile |receptacle architecture=epaleate |receptacle relief=pitted |receptacle shape=convex |series atypical quantity=4;5 |series quantity=1;3;4 |stem architecture=simple |stem orientation=erect |stem pubescence=stipitate-glandular;hairy |style-branch appendage shape=subulate;lanceolate |throat size=ampliate |tube height or length or size=shorter |whole-organism duration=perennial |whole-organism some measurement=1cm;21cm |x chromosome quantity=9 }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Asteraceae tribe Astereae]] Templates used on this page: Template:Asteraceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Template:Treatment/ID/Synonym (view source) Template:Treatment/Publication (view source) Return to Tonestus.