Crocanthemum bicknellii

(Fernald) Janchen in H. G. A. Engler et al.

in H. G. A. Engler et al., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 21: 307. 1925.

Common names: Hoary or plains frostweed
EndemicIllustrated
Basionym: Helianthemum bicknellii Fernald Rhodora 21: 36. 1919
Synonyms: H. canadense var. walkerae W. H. Evans
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 6. Treatment on page 402. Mentioned on page 401, 407.

Herbs. Stems erect, clustered on vertical caudex, (12–) 20–50 (–67) cm, simple or branched, stellate-pubescent to stellate-tomentose. Leaves cauline; petiole 1–4 mm; blade narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, (10–) 18–32 (–40) × 4–7 (–10) mm, surfaces stellate-tomentose abaxially, stellate-pubescent adaxially, without simple hairs, lateral-veins raised abaxially. Inflorescences terminal, cymes; chasmogamous flowers 6–10 (–18) per cyme; cleistogamous in glomerules, 1–10 flowers per glomerule, on lateral leafy branches 2.5–6 cm, flowering 1–3 months later than chasmogamous. Pedicels (1.5–) 3–8 (–12) mm; bracts 3–7 × 0.5–1 mm. Chasmogamous flowers: outer sepals linear, 3.5–4.5 (–8) × 0.4–1 mm, inner sepals ovate-elliptic, 5–8 × 2.4–4 mm, apex acute; petals obovate, 8–12 × 5–10 mm; capsules 3–5.5 × 2.5–4.5 mm, glabrous. Cleistogamous flowers: outer sepals linear, 0.5–1.5 × 0.3 mm, inner sepals ovate-elliptic, 1.7–2.8 × 1.5–2.3 mm, apex acute capsules 1.5–2.2 × 1.2–2.2 mm, glabrous.


Phenology: Flowering Jun–Jul.
Habitat: Sandy or rocky barrens, glades, sandhills, prairies, fields, pine-oak woodlands, oak-hickory woodlands, montane outcrops and balds
Elevation: 0–1500 m

Distribution

V6 760-distribution-map.jpg

Man., Ont., Ark., Colo., Conn., Del., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.

Discussion

The dense, often crowded, cleistogamous flowers on branches of Crocanthemum bicknellii late in the season

contrast strongly with the relatively few, terminal, petaliferous flowers early in the season. Its closest relative is 12. C. propinquum; see that treatment for identification aids. The names C. majus (Linnaeus) Britton and Helianthemum majus (Linnaeus) Bicknell have been misapplied to C. bicknellii. They were based on Lechea major Linnaeus, which is a synonym of C. canadense, based on types.

Selected References

None.

Lower Taxa

None.
... more about "Crocanthemum bicknellii"
Bruce A. Sorrie +
(Fernald) Janchen in H. G. A. Engler et al. +
Helianthemum bicknellii +
3.2 cm32 mm <br />0.032 m <br /> (4 cm40 mm <br />0.04 m <br />) +
0.7 cm7 mm <br />0.007 m <br /> (1 cm10 mm <br />0.01 m <br />) +
1.8 cm18 mm <br />0.018 m <br /> (3.2 cm32 mm <br />0.032 m <br />) +
narrowly elliptic +  and oblanceolate +
0.4 cm4 mm <br />0.004 m <br /> (0.7 cm7 mm <br />0.007 m <br />) +
0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br /> (0.7 cm7 mm <br />0.007 m <br />) +
0.05 cm0.5 mm <br />5.0e-4 m <br /> (0.1 cm1 mm <br />0.001 m <br />) +
0.15 cm1.5 mm <br />0.0015 m <br /> (0.22 cm2.2 mm <br />0.0022 m <br />) +
0.12 cm1.2 mm <br />0.0012 m <br /> (0.22 cm2.2 mm <br />0.0022 m <br />) +
Hoary or plains frostweed +
Man. +, Ont. +, Ark. +, Colo. +, Conn. +, Del. +, Ga. +, Ill. +, Ind. +, Iowa +, Kans. +, Ky. +, Maine +, Md. +, Mass. +, Mich. +, Minn. +, Mo. +, Nebr. +, N.H. +, N.J. +, N.Y. +, N.C. +, Ohio +, Pa. +, R.I. +, S.C. +, S.Dak. +, Tenn. +, Vt. +, Va. +, W.Va. +, Wis. +  and Wyo. +
0–1500 m +
connate +  and distinct +
later than chasmogamous +
cleistogamous +  and chasmogamous +
loculicidal +
Sandy or rocky barrens, glades, sandhills, prairies, fields, pine-oak woodlands, oak-hickory woodlands, montane outcrops and balds +
umbellate +, thyrsiform +  and cymose +
racemose +, paniculate +  and corymbose +
0.17 cm1.7 mm <br />0.0017 m <br /> (0.28 cm2.8 mm <br />0.0028 m <br />) +
ovate-elliptic +
0.15 cm1.5 mm <br />0.0015 m <br /> (0.23 cm2.3 mm <br />0.0023 m <br />) +
2.5 cm25 mm <br />0.025 m <br /> (6 cm60 mm <br />0.06 m <br />) +
stipulate +  and estipulate +
whorled +, opposite +  and alternate +
undulate +  and revolute +
0.45 cm4.5 mm <br />0.0045 m <br /> (0.8 cm8 mm <br />0.008 m <br />) +
0.05 cm0.5 mm <br />5.0e-4 m <br /> (0.15 cm1.5 mm <br />0.0015 m <br />) +
0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br /> (?) +, 0.04 cm0.4 mm <br />4.0e-4 m <br /> (?) +  and 0.1 cm1 mm <br />0.001 m <br /> (?) +
6-12-carpellate +, 5-carpellate +, 3-carpellate +  and 2-carpellate +
crassinucellate +  and bitegmic +
orthotropous +
0.8 cm8 mm <br />0.008 m <br /> (1.2 cm12 mm <br />0.012 m <br />) +
0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br /> (0.8 cm8 mm <br />0.008 m <br />) +
crumpled +  and imbricate +
yellow +, white +, red +, purple +, pink +, dark red +  and green +
distinct +
8mm;12mm +
obovate +
0.5 cm5 mm <br />0.005 m <br /> (1 cm10 mm <br />0.01 m <br />) +
0.1 cm1 mm <br />0.001 m <br /> (0.4 cm4 mm <br />0.004 m <br />) +
Flowering Jun–Jul. +
in H. G. A. Engler et al., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. +
persistent +
Endemic +  and Illustrated +
branched +  and simple +
50 cm500 mm <br />0.5 m <br /> (67 cm670 mm <br />0.67 m <br />) +
not dimorphic +
stellate-pubescent +  and stellate-tomentose +
20 cm200 mm <br />0.2 m <br /> (50 cm500 mm <br />0.5 m <br />) +
3 +  and 1 +
sessile +  and petiolate +
stellate-pubescent +  and stellate-tomentose +
H. canadense var. walkerae +
Crocanthemum bicknellii +
Crocanthemum +
species +