Physcomitrium

(Bridel) Bridel

Bryol. Univ. 2: 815. 1827 ,.

Etymology: Greek physa, bladder, and mitrion, little turban, alluding to often urn-like calyptra
Basionym: Gymnostomum subg. Physcomitrium Bridel Bryol. Univ. 1: 97. 1826
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 196. Mentioned on page 13, 25, 181, 195, 197.
 TaxonIllustrator 
Funa Physcomitrium collenchymatum 2007 01 16.jpegPhyscomitrium collenchymatumPatricia M. Eckel

Plants small, scattered to gregarious. Stems 2–10 (–25) mm, erect, simple or forked. Leaves crispate to contorted when dry, erect to spreading when moist, ovatelanceolate, ovate, to obovate, sometimes concave and cucullate, 1.2–5 mm; margins entire to serrulate distally; apices somewhat blunt, or acute to acuminate; costa single, subpercurrent to short-excurrent; proximal laminal cells elongate-rectangular to rectangular, distal cells rectangular to hexagonal. Sexual condition autoicous, occasionally polygamous; perigonia at apices of short basal or lateral branches, usually with clavate paraphyses; perichaetia at stem apex, with a few filiform paraphyses. Seta erect, 0.5–13 (–30) mm. Capsule stegocarpous, erect, immersed to exserted, symmetric, ovoid, globose, pyriform, or campanulate, often urceolate when dry, mouth sometimes flaring, 0.8–3 mm, smooth, neck usually wrinkled when dry; exothecial cells irregularly isodiametric, hexagonal, or oblong, sometimes collenchymatous; a few stomates usually present in neck, superficial; annulus narrow, consisting of 1–2 rows of small cells or revoluble as fragments of large cells; operculum convex to conic, apiculate to rostrate; peristome absent. Calyptra mitrate, deeply split into (2–) 3 (–4) spreading lobes, long-rostrate, sometimes inflated at the base, usually large, smooth. Spores spherical to subreniform, papillose to spinulose.

Distribution

Temperate North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia

Discussion

Physcomitrium is characterized by erect, symmetrical, and often urn-like capsules that lack peristomes. Infra-species variation of both the sporophyte and gametophyte of Physcomitrium pyriforme has led to many species being described over time in North America.

Species ca. 80 (4 in the flora).

Physcomitrium commonly occurs on exposed soil often associated with spring-wet sites, often on alluvial mud and river banks, from near sea level to ca. 2500 m, and the capsules mature over winter into spring.

Selected References

None.

Key

1 Capsules immersed. Physcomitrium immersum
1 Capsules emergent to exserted > 2
2 Leaves entire, rarely with somewhat uneven margins distally; annulus revoluble, composed of large, inflated, mostly deciduous cells. Physcomitrium hookeri
2 Leaves often toothed distally; annulus of small, non-inflated, adherent cells > 3
3 Plants 2-4(-5) mm; leaves to 2 mm long; seta 2-3 mm; capsules often shallow and wide-mouthed when dry; suboral cells weakly differentiated, usually consisting of 2-6 rows of irregularly isodiametric cells, spores less than 40 µm. Physcomitrium collenchymatum
3 Plants commonly 3-10 mm; leaves usually to 2-5 mm; seta mostly 4-14 mm; capsules deeper, rarely wide-mouthed when dry; suboral cells strongly differentiated, consisting of 7-12 rows of transverse-elongate cells, spores typically greater than 40 µm. Physcomitrium pyriforme
... more about "Physcomitrium"
acute +  and acuminate +
Terry T. McIntosh +
(Bridel) Bridel +
Gymnostomum subg. Physcomitrium +
specialized +
paroicous +, synoicous +, polygamous +, autoicous +, sexual +  and asexual +
large +  and small +
persistent +  and deciduous +
nearly smooth +  and asymmetric +
stegocarpous +
urceolate;campanulate;pyriform;campanulate;pyriform;globose;ovoid;symmetric +
short-excurrent +
subpercurrent +
polygamous +, autoicous +  and sexual +
rectangular +  and hexagonal +
Temperate North America +, Mexico +, Central America +, South America +, Europe +, Asia +, Africa +  and Australia +
Greek physa, bladder, and mitrion, little turban, alluding to often urn-like calyptra +
striate +  and papillose-striolate +
oblong +, hexagonal +  and isodiametric +
erect +  and spreading +
cucullate;concave;ovate;obovate +
reduced +  and larger +
0.12 cm1.2 mm <br />0.0012 m <br /> (0.5 cm5 mm <br />0.005 m <br />) +
entire +  and serrulate +
flaring +
0.08 cm0.8 mm <br />8.0e-4 m <br /> (0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br />) +
wrinkled +
convex;conic apiculate +
filiform +  and clavate +
inflated +, oblong +  and rectangular +
elongate-rectangular +  and rectangular +
Bryol. Univ. +
1.3 cm13 mm <br />0.013 m <br /> (3 cm30 mm <br />0.03 m <br />) +
papillose +  and smooth +
short;elongate +
0.05 cm0.5 mm <br />5.0e-4 m <br /> (1.3 cm13 mm <br />0.013 m <br />) +
inflated +  and long-rostrate +
spherical +  and subreniform +
1 cm10 mm <br />0.01 m <br /> (2.5 cm25 mm <br />0.025 m <br />) +
0.2 cm2 mm <br />0.002 m <br /> (1 cm10 mm <br />0.01 m <br />) +
superficial +
superficial +
Physcomitrium +
Funariaceae +
light +  and yellow-green +
annual;biennial +
plant +  and gregarious +