View source for Rubus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Rubus
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 492. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 218. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Bramble
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Dalibarda
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Rosaceae;Rosaceae subfam. Rosoideae;Rosaceae tribe Rubeae;Rubus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Rosaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Rosaceae subfam. Rosoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Rosaceae tribe Rubeae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Rubus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Ancient Latin name for bramble, from ruber, red
|volume=Volume 9
|mention_page=page 19, 20, 29, 30, 35, 38, 48, 49, 52, 54, 55, 647
|treatment_page=page 28
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form"><b>Shrubs,</b> subshrubs, or herbs, perennial, 0.5–30 (–50) dm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism atypical some measurement;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism texture;whole_organism texture;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism atypical some measurement;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism texture;whole_organism growth form">fibrous, ± woody in species with larger plants.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem quantity;stem duration;stem duration;stem duration;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem growth form;stem growth form or orientation;stem growth form or orientation;stem orientation;stem growth form;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem shape;stem shape"><b>Stems </b>1–several, biennial or perennial, rarely annual (R. illecebrosus), erect, arching, mounding, or creeping, rarely decumbent, ascending, or scrambling, rooting or not at nodes or tips, terete or angled;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="prickle presence;prickle quantity;prickle orientation;prickle fragility;prickle shape;prickle shape">prickles absent or sparse to dense, erect to retrorse, weak to stout, broad-based or not;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="">bristles absent or sparse to dense, erect to slightly retrorse, weak to stiff;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="bristle presence;bristle quantity;bristle orientation;bristle fragility;bristle pubescence;bristle pubescence;bristle architecture;bristle pubescence;bristle architecture or function or pubescence;bristle coating">glabrous or hairy, eglandular or stipitate-glandular, sometimes sessile-glandular, pruinose or not.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="leaf duration"><b>Leaves </b>winter-persistent to deciduous, cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="stipule shape;margin architecture or shape">stipules filiform or elliptic to ovate, margins entire;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="petiole presence">petiole present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="blade shape;blade some measurement;blade texture;leaflet presence;leaflet quantity;leaflet quantity;leaflet quantity;leaflet quantity;leaflet position or structure subtype;leaflet shape;leaflet some measurement;base shape;base shape;base shape;base shape;base shape;base shape;base shape;base shape;base shape;base shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;abaxial surface architecture;abaxial surface architecture;abaxial surface pubescence;abaxial surface pubescence;abaxial surface architecture;abaxial surface pubescence;abaxial surface architecture or function or pubescence;midvein variability">blade reniform to orbiculate, 2–30 cm, herbaceous to ± coriaceous, leaflets 0 or 3, 5, 7, or 9, terminal ovate to elliptic to obovate, 1.7–15 cm, base cuneate to rounded or cordate, sometimes truncate, rarely tapered or obtuse, unlobed or lobed, margins flat or revolute, finely to coarsely crenate, dentate to doubly dentate, or serrate to doubly serrate, abaxial surface unarmed or with prickles on midvein consistent with those on stems, glabrous or ± densely hairy, eglandular or ± densely stipitate-glandular, sometimes sessile-glandular, along veins.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="inflorescence position;inflorescence position;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence pubescence;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture"><b>Inflorescences </b>axillary or terminal, 1–35 (–100) -flowered, cymiform, racemiform, umbelliform, thyrsiform, or paniculiform, glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent, eglandular or sparsely to densely glandular, armed or unarmed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="bract presence">bracts usually present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="bracteole presence">bracteoles absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="pedicel presence;pedicel architecture;pedicel architecture;pedicel pubescence;pedicel architecture;pedicel pubescence;pedicel architecture or function or pubescence"><b>Pedicels </b>present, unarmed or sparsely armed with prickles similar to those of stems, glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy, eglandular or sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular, sometimes sessile-glandular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower diameter"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual (unisexual in R. chamaemorus, R. ursinus, and subg. Micranthobatus [in the sense of Kalkman]), 5–80 mm diam.;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="hypanthium diameter;hypanthium pubescence;hypanthium architecture">hypanthium 3–10 mm diam., glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent, eglandular or sparsely to densely glandular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal orientation;sepal shape;sepal architecture;sepal architecture;sepal pubescence;sepal pubescence;sepal architecture;sepal pubescence;sepal architecture or function or pubescence">sepals 5, erect or spreading to reflexed, lanceolate to long-caudate, unarmed or armed, glabrous or hairy, eglandular or sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular, sometimes sessile-glandular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="petal atypical quantity;petal quantity;petal coloration;petal shape;petal shape;petal shape">petals (0–) 5 (or 6), white to pink or magenta, suborbiculate to elliptic, obovate, or spatulate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen size or length;filament shape;filament position">stamens 20–100+, shorter to longer than petals, filaments filiform or laminar;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="carpel pubescence;carpel pubescence;style size;style shape">carpels glabrous or hairy, styles slender or clavate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="fruit fusion;fruit arrangement;fruit arrangement;fruit coloration;fruit shape;fruit some measurement;fruit texture;fruit texture;fruit pubescence;fruit pubescence;fruit coating;drupelet arrangement;drupelet atypical quantity;drupelet atypical quantity;drupelet quantity;torus fixation"><b>Fruits </b>aggregated drupelets, (1–) 5–100 [–150], not or weakly to strongly coherent, separating with or without torus attached, golden yellow to red or black, globose to hemispheric or cylindric, 5–20 mm, fleshy or dryish, glabrous or finely hairy, sometimes pruinose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="hypanthium duration">hypanthium usually persistent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="sepal duration;sepal orientation">sepals usually persistent, usually reflexed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>1 per drupelet.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="seed quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 7.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Eurasia;Africa;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Pacific Islands (New Zealand);Australia;widely
|discussion=<p>Species 250–700 (37 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Molecular data (L. A. Alice and C. S. Campbell 1999) have shown Rubus to be monophyletic when including Dalibarda (R. repens). These data also show that long-recognized infrageneric taxa, such as the raspberries (subg. Idaeobatus Focke) and dwarf raspberries [subg. Cylactis (Rafinesque) Focke], may not be monophyletic. Although species are not organized here according to subgenera, they would belong to L. H. Bailey’s (1941–1945) subgeneric treatment as follows: flowering raspberries or thimbleberries [subg. Anoplobatus (Focke) Focke, species 3, 9, 18, 22, 23], snow raspberries [subg. Chamaebatus (Focke) Focke, species 19], cloudberries or baked-apple berries [subg. Chamaemorus (Hill) Focke, species 7], dwarf raspberries or plumboys (subg. Cylactis, species 2, 16, 26, 29, 31), raspberries (subg. Idaeobatus, species 11, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21, 24, 28, 33), and blackberries (subg. Rubus, species 1, 4–6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 25, 27, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37). Bailey did not include Dalibarda repens (30. R. repens) in Rubus, but W. O. Focke (1910) included it in subg. Dalibarda (under the illegitimate name R. dalibarda Linnaeus).</p><!--
--><p>Rubus, especially the blackberries, presents some of the most difficult species-level problems, because of polyploidy, apomixis, and hybridization. As a result, differences of opinion on the number of species to be recognized from a given region can vary tremendously (for example, treatments in M. L. Fernald 1950 and H. A. Gleason and A. Cronquist 1991 for the northern half of the eastern United States plus parts of southeastern Canada, the former recognizing 205 species, the latter 25). A relatively conservative approach is taken here, one with much precedent (for example, A. E. Radford et al. 1968; R. G. Brown and M. L. Brown 1972; R. K. Godfrey and J. W. Wooten 1981; E. G. Voss 1972–1996, vol. 2; Great Plains Flora Association 1986; Godfrey 1988; Gleason and Cronquist; A. F. Rhoads and W. M. Klein 1993; E. B. Smith 1994; R. S. Mitchell and G. C. Tucker 1997; R. P. Wunderlin 1998; D. W. Magee and H. E. Ahles 1999; T. S. Cooperrider et al. 2001; R. L. Jones 2005; A. S. Weakley 2012; Weakley et al. 2012).</p><!--
--><p>The decision to treat Rubus conservatively herein is due in part to the broad geographic distribution of many species in which quantitative characters are highly variable and the general absence of empirical data demonstrating that minor morphological variants are genetically based and not environmentally plastic. There is an overall lack of comprehensive herbarium specimens (for example, primocane, floricane with flowers and/or fruits, and habit data) making study difficult. Regarding Rubus, R. K. Godfrey (1988) wrote, "oversimplification appears to be the only way to achieve a practicable solution to the dilemma."</p><!--
--><p>Other genera present a similar predicament by containing a large number of microspecies, such as Alchemilla, Crepis, Hieracium, Oenothera, and Taraxacum. W. Dietrich et al. (1997) stated for Oenothera taxonomy, and equally applicable to Rubus, that "immense splitting would result in a taxonomic system where even the specialist would lose the overview." See P. A. Rydberg (1913c), L. H. Bailey (1941–1945), P. D. Strausbaugh and E. L. Core (1978), H. A. Davis (1990), and M. P. Widrlechner (1998) for Rubus treatments that recognize many species.</p><!--
--><p>Definitions for two morphologic terms primarily associated with Rubus are: primocane, a biennial or perennial stem prior to being developed enough for flowering, with flowering not occurring until at least its second season of growth, and floricane, a biennial or perennial stem after it has begun flowering, which does not occur until at least its second season of growth (R. W. Kiger and D. M. Porter 2001). Parcifrond is an elongate, sparsely leafy, sterile branch arising from a floricane proximal to its flowering branches. Novirame is a fertile (flowering, fruiting) branch on a primocane. Descriptions in this treatment are based on primocanes and floricanes, and exclude parcifronds and novirames.</p><!--
--><p>In key leads and descriptions in this treatment, references to leaves are for those on primocanes, unless otherwise indicated. Also, for stems unsupported by other vegetation, measurements of vertical distances above the ground are given, not stem lengths. For example, stems of Rubus flagellaris may be as much as 3 dm above the ground even though the stems may be several meters long. Rubus inflorescences have been described as cymose or racemose. The inflorescences are determinate (thus cymose), with the terminal flower opening first. Flowering then proceeds acropetally (J. C. Guillard 1857; H. W. Rickett 1944), a pattern that is more typical of racemes. In the treatment here, inflorescences are described as cymiform, umbelliform, paniculiform, racemiform, or thyrsiform, these characterizations based on what the inflorescence most closely resembles. Also, inflorescence descriptions here refer to the flowering structures that generally terminate a branch distal to the leaves on that branch, including undivided, smaller, bractlike leaves. In plants with racemiform, paniculiform, or thyrsiform inflorescences, smaller axillary inflorescences containing one to few flowers are common and typically occur just proximal to the main inflorescences. Although most Rubus species in the flora area bear inflorescences that terminate a branch, such inflorescences often can appear to be axillary if terminating very short, leafy, axillary branches. Especially in subg. Rubus, terminal inflorescences almost always form on lateral branches, but occasionally form on a distal extension of the primocane of the previous year. In the flora area, native species in subg. Rubus have shorter floricanes, generally less than 30 cm; most non-native members in the flora area can have floricane branches exceeding 1 m.</p><!--
--><p>Rubus shows diversity in armature and glands. Prickles, which protect the plant and aid some species in climbing, range from stout and broad-based to weak and narrow-based. Bristles may be stiff or weak. Prickles and bristles range from erect to retrorse. Generally, plants with sparse armature have spaces between the prickle bases or bristles that are more than 2–3 times the length of the prickles or bristles; plants with dense armature have spaces that are equal to or less than lengths. Glands vary significantly in size and shape and can be stalked or sessile. Glandularity is not always obvious; glands are sometimes hidden by other hairs or can be very small. Sessile glands can be less than 0.2 mm long or wide, requiring a good lens to be viewed; they are spheric to obovoid, whereas stipitate glands can be spheric to obovoid or discoid to cupulate.</p><!--
--><p>Cultivars of blackberries and raspberries are grown for their edible fruit, and other Rubus taxa are grown for their ornamental value. Cultivars of blackberries have parentages or origins that include species native to North America and Europe, as well as red raspberry (for example, R. idaeus subsp. idaeus and subsp. strigosus) (J. R. Clark et al. 2007). Cultivars of red and black raspberries are primarily derived from R. idaeus and R. occidentalis, respectively. Purple raspberry cultivars are derived from the crossing of red and black raspberries. In both black and red raspberries, a lack of anthocyanin pigments can lead to the production of yellowish fruit. Cultivars of R. idaeus with yellowish fruit are sold as golden or amber raspberries. The Logan and Boysen cultivars are widely grown for their excellent fruits. Both cultivars are polyploid (6x and 8x respectively) involving R. ursinus as the maternal parent. In Loganberry, the paternal parent is R. idaeus subsp. idaeus, while Boysenberry has a more complicated ancestry.</p><!--
--><p>Due to horticultural or agricultural interest, it can be expected that more Rubus species will be introduced into the flora, with some naturalizing. Rubus tomentosus Borkhausen var. canescens (de Candolle) Wirtgen, a European species similar to R. bifrons and R. vestitus but much more pubescent than either, was reported growing wild in a small area in Randolph County, West Virginia (E. E. Hutton and R. B. Clarkson 1961), although more recently it has not been confirmed as naturalized there (P. J. Harmon et al. 2006). Rubus hirsutus Thunberg, native of China, Japan, and the Korean peninsula (L. Lingdi and D. E. Boufford 2003), was found naturalized in a woodland in Chapel Hill, North Carolina (D. H. Goldman, pers. obs.).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves simple
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves compound
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants armed
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants unarmed
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Stipules broadly elliptic to ovate.
|[[Rubus nivalis|Rubus nivalis]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Stipules filiform to linear.
|[[Rubus ursinus|Rubus ursinus]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Herbs (stems sometimes woody basally); styles filiform
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Shrubs; styles clavate
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Flowers unisexual.
|[[Rubus chamaemorus|Rubus chamaemorus]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Flowers bisexual
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves unlobed; (sterile petaliferous flowers present).
|[[Rubus repens|Rubus repens]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves 3–5-lobed
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Ovaries glabrous or sparsely hairy.
|[[Rubus arcticus|Rubus arcticus]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Ovaries densely hairy.
|[[Rubus lasiococcus|Rubus lasiococcus]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf blades (5–)10–25(–30) cm wide; styles glabrous
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf blades (2.5–)3–5.5(–8) cm wide; styles villous
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Petals usually magenta, rarely white; stems, abaxial leaf surfaces, and pedicels: stipitate glands dark purple.
|[[Rubus odoratus|Rubus odoratus]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Petals white; stems, abaxial leaf surfaces, and pedicels: stipitate glands yellowish to reddish.
|[[Rubus nutkanus|Rubus nutkanus]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Leaf blades orbiculate to reniform; fruits dark purple.
|[[Rubus deliciosus|Rubus deliciosus]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Leaf blades cordate to broadly ovate; fruits red or deep red
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Abaxial leaf surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy; Idaho, Oregon.
|[[Rubus bartonianus|Rubus bartonianus]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Abaxial leaf surfaces moderately hairy; Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah.
|[[Rubus neomexicanus|Rubus neomexicanus]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Stems strongly pruinose
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Stems not pruinose or some stems weakly pruinose
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Stems creeping; plants to 3 dm
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Stems erect, ascending, or arching, sometimes climbing over other vegetation; plants 5+ dm
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Leaflet abaxial surfaces densely white-tomentose; drupelets separating from tori.
|[[Rubus glaucifolius|Rubus glaucifolius]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Leaflet abaxial surfaces sparsely to densely hairy, but not white-tomentose; drupelets separating with tori attached
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Flowers bisexual; fruits pruinose.
|[[Rubus caesius|Rubus caesius]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Flowers usually functionally unisexual; fruits not pruinose.
|[[Rubus ursinus|Rubus ursinus]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Leaves pinnately compound
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Leaves palmately compound or ternate
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Leaflet abaxial surfaces unarmed or with prickles; petals white to greenish white; fruits red to whitish, rarely amber; not Florida.
|[[Rubus idaeus|Rubus idaeus]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Leaflet abaxial surfaces with scattered, reflexed, broad-based prickles on midveins; petals pink to magenta; fruits purple-black; Florida.
|[[Rubus niveus|Rubus niveus]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Stems usually moderately, rarely sparsely, hairy, hairs stellate; inflorescences 10–60-flowered, paniculiform or thyrsiform; drupelets separating with tori attached.
|[[Rubus ulmifolius|Rubus ulmifolius]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Stems glabrous or sparsely puberulent; inflorescences (1–)3–10(–20)-flowered, flat-topped cymiform, cymiform, or umbelliform; drupelets separating from tori
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Lateral leaflets stalked (at least 2 larger ones); leaflet apices acuminate; w North America.
|[[Rubus leucodermis|Rubus leucodermis]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Lateral leaflets sessile or subsessile; leaflet apices acute; e North America, Great Plains.
|[[Rubus occidentalis|Rubus occidentalis]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Plants to 3 dm (rarely to 7 dm in R. trivialis, but then falling); stems usually creeping, sometimes erect but low growing, or higher only when using other vegetation for support
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Plants 3+ dm; stems erect or arching
|[[#key-0-34| > 34]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Stems unarmed, without prickles or bristles
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Stems armed, with prickles and/or bristles
|[[#key-0-25| > 25]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Stems erect, not creeping.
|[[Rubus arcticus|Rubus arcticus]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Stems creeping
|[[#key-0-23| > 23]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Leaflets 5, rarely 3; (lateral leaflets deeply lobed, sinuses extending nearly to leaflet base).
|[[Rubus pedatus|Rubus pedatus]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Leaflets 3(–5); (lateral leaflets not or shallowly lobed)
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Ovaries densely hairy.
|[[Rubus lasiococcus|Rubus lasiococcus]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Ovaries glabrous.
|[[Rubus pubescens|Rubus pubescens]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Stipules lanceolate or elliptic to ovate
|[[#key-0-26| > 26]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Stipules filiform to linear or lanceolate
|[[#key-0-27| > 27]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Stipules adnate to petioles; leaflet abaxial surfaces with prickles along midveins.
|[[Rubus nivalis|Rubus nivalis]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Stipules free from petioles; leaflet abaxial surfaces without prickles along midveins.
|[[Rubus saxatilis|Rubus saxatilis]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Leaflet abaxial surfaces whitish-tomentose or short-velutinous
|[[#key-0-28| > 28]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Leaflet abaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy, not strongly whitened
|[[#key-0-29| > 29]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Leaves palmately compound; fruits black; drupelets separating with tori attached.
|[[Rubus bifrons|Rubus bifrons]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Leaves ternate or pinnately compound; fruits red; drupelets separating from tori.
|[[Rubus parvifolius|Rubus parvifolius]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Leaflets (at least some) usually deeply or rarely shallowly lobed; inflorescences terminal, thyrsiform.
|[[Rubus laciniatus|Rubus laciniatus]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Leaflets usually unlobed, rarely shallowly lobed; inflorescences terminal on short shoots, (sometimes appearing axillary) usually racemiform or cymiform, sometimes solitary flowers or thyrsiform
|[[#key-0-30| > 30]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Flowers usually functionally unisexual; stems usually strongly pruinose; Pacific Northwest, West Coast.
|[[Rubus ursinus|Rubus ursinus]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Flowers bisexual; stems not pruinose; e, c, (sw) North America
|[[#key-0-31| > 31]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Stems: prickles broad-based; bristles usually absent, sometimes sparse to dense
|[[#key-0-32| > 32]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Stems: prickles absent or narrow-based; bristles sparse to dense
|[[#key-0-33| > 33]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Stems: bristles absent; leaves deciduous, some occasionally semipersistent, not lustrous; inflorescences 1–3(–8)-flowered; petals white.
|[[Rubus flagellaris|Rubus flagellaris]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Stems: bristles absent or gland-tipped, red to purple, rarely green, slender; leaves persistent or semipersistent, lustrous; inflorescences 1(–3)-flowered; petals white to pink.
|[[Rubus trivialis|Rubus trivialis]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Stems tip-rooting; leaves persistent; inflorescences 1–7(–10)-flowered.
|[[Rubus hispidus|Rubus hispidus]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Stems not node- or tip-rooting; leaves deciduous; inflorescences 5–15(–20)-flowered.
|[[Rubus setosus|Rubus setosus]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Leaflet abaxial surfaces usually closely, densely white-hairy or gray-hairy
|[[#key-0-35| > 35]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Leaflet abaxial surfaces usually glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy or puberulent, (not white-hairy or gray-hairy)
|[[#key-0-42| > 42]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Leaves palmately compound
|[[#key-0-36| > 36]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Leaves (of primocanes) ternate
|[[#key-0-39| > 39]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Terminal leaflets cuneate to obovate, margins serrate, rarely doubly serrate, apices broadly rounded to subtruncate, often cuspidate; petals white.
|[[Rubus cuneifolius|Rubus cuneifolius]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Terminal leaflets ovate to broadly elliptic or suborbiculate to orbiculate, margins moderately to coarsely, usually doubly, rarely singly, serrate, apices acute or acuminate to cuspidate or short-attenuate, short-acuminate, or cuspidate; petals white, pink, or magenta
|[[#key-0-37| > 37]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Terminal leaflets usually suborbiculate to orbiculate, sometimes broadly elliptic; pedicels moderately to densely stipitate-glandular; petals pink to magenta.
|[[Rubus vestitus|Rubus vestitus]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Terminal leaflets elliptic or ovate to suborbiculate; pedicels eglandular or sparsely to moderately sessile-glandular; petals white to pink
|[[#key-0-38| > 38]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Inflorescences thyrsiform, elongate, (projected well beyond subtending leaves), 10–60(–100)-flowered.
|[[Rubus bifrons|Rubus bifrons]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Inflorescences cymiform to thyrsiform, compact, (not projected well beyond subtending leaves), 3–15(–25)-flowered.
|[[Rubus pascuus|Rubus pascuus]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Stems sparsely to moderately hairy, densely bristly.
|[[Rubus phoenicolasius|Rubus phoenicolasius]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Stems glabrate or sparsely to densely hairy, bristles absent
|[[#key-0-40| > 40]]
|-id=key-0-40
|40
|Bark usually papery in age, peeling (especially towards base); inflorescences 1–2-flowered; petals pink to magenta; filaments laminar; fruits yellow, orange, or red; drupelets separating from tori.
|[[Rubus spectabilis|Rubus spectabilis]]
|-id=key-0-40
|40
|Bark not papery, peeling; inflorescences (1–)3–15(–25)-flowered; petals white to pale pink; filaments filiform; fruits black; drupelets separating with tori attached
|[[#key-0-41| > 41]]
|-id=key-0-41
|41
|Terminal leaflets cuneate to obovate, margins serrate, rarely doubly serrate, apices broadly rounded to subtruncate, often cuspidate.
|[[Rubus cuneifolius|Rubus cuneifolius]]
|-id=key-0-41
|41
|Terminal leaflets broadly elliptic or ovate, margins moderately to coarsely, usually doubly, rarely singly, serrate, apices acute or short-attenuate.
|[[Rubus pascuus|Rubus pascuus]]
|-id=key-0-42
|42
|Leaflets (at least some) usually deeply, rarely shallowly, lobed
|[[#key-0-43| > 43]]
|-id=key-0-42
|42
|Leaflets shallowly lobed or not lobed
|[[#key-0-44| > 44]]
|-id=key-0-43
|43
|Bark not papery, peeling; inflorescences usually 5–25-flowered; petals white to pink; filaments filiform; fruits black; drupelets separating with tori attached.
|[[Rubus laciniatus|Rubus laciniatus]]
|-id=key-0-43
|43
|Bark usually papery in age, peeling (especially towards base); inflorescences usually 1–2-flowered; petals pink to magenta; filaments laminar; fruits yellow, orange, or red; drupelets separating from tori.
|[[Rubus spectabilis|Rubus spectabilis]]
|-id=key-0-44
|44
|Leaves pinnately compound, (leaflets 3–7).
|[[Rubus illecebrosus|Rubus illecebrosus]]
|-id=key-0-44
|44
|Leaves ternate or palmately compound
|[[#key-0-45| > 45]]
|-id=key-0-45
|45
|Bark usually papery in age, peeling (especially towards base); inflorescences 1–2-flowered; petals pink to magenta; filaments laminar; fruits yellow, orange, or red; drupelets separating from tori.
|[[Rubus spectabilis|Rubus spectabilis]]
|-id=key-0-45
|45
|Bark not papery, peeling; inflorescences (1–)5–25(–35)-flowered; petals white, pink, or magenta; filaments filiform; fruits black; drupelets separating with tori attached
|[[#key-0-46| > 46]]
|-id=key-0-46
|46
|Stems: prickles absent or widely scattered and narrow-based
|[[#key-0-47| > 47]]
|-id=key-0-46
|46
|Stems: prickles broad-based
|[[#key-0-50| > 50]]
|-id=key-0-47
|47
|Stems: bristles present.
|[[Rubus setosus|Rubus setosus]]
|-id=key-0-47
|47
|Stems: bristles absent
|[[#key-0-48| > 48]]
|-id=key-0-48
|48
|Pedicels densely stipitate-glandular; inflorescences often elongate, racemiform.
|[[Rubus allegheniensis|Rubus allegheniensis]]
|-id=key-0-48
|48
|Pedicels eglandular or sparsely to moderately sessile- or stipitate-glandular; inflorescences short to elongate, racemiform, cymiform, or thyrsiform
|[[#key-0-49| > 49]]
|-id=key-0-49
|49
|Stems: prickles absent or widely scattered, narrow-based; leaves lustrous; inflorescences racemiform.
|[[Rubus canadensis|Rubus canadensis]]
|-id=key-0-49
|49
|Stems: prickles widely scattered, narrow-based; leaves not lustrous; inflorescences cymiform, racemiform, or thyrsiform.
|[[Rubus pensilvanicus|Rubus pensilvanicus]]
|-id=key-0-50
|50
|Pedicels eglandular or sparsely to moderately sessile-glandular
|[[#key-0-51| > 51]]
|-id=key-0-50
|50
|Pedicels sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular
|[[#key-0-52| > 52]]
|-id=key-0-51
|51
|Terminal leaflets cuneate to obovate, 2–6 × 3–4 cm.
|[[Rubus cuneifolius|Rubus cuneifolius]]
|-id=key-0-51
|51
|Terminal leaflets ovate to lanceolate, 5–15 × 3–13 cm.
|[[Rubus pensilvanicus|Rubus pensilvanicus]]
|-id=key-0-52
|52
|Terminal leaflets usually suborbiculate to orbiculate, sometimes broadly elliptic, apex acute to cuspidate; inflorescences cymiform or thyrsiform; petals pink to magenta.
|[[Rubus vestitus|Rubus vestitus]]
|-id=key-0-52
|52
|Terminal leaflets ovate to lanceolate, apex acuminate to long-attenuate; inflorescences racemiform, cymiform, or thyrsiform; petals white
|[[#key-0-53| > 53]]
|-id=key-0-53
|53
|Inflorescences (5–)15–25-flowered, racemiform, often elongate; pedicels densely short- to long-stipitate-glandular.
|[[Rubus allegheniensis|Rubus allegheniensis]]
|-id=key-0-53
|53
|Inflorescences (2–)5–12(–16)-flowered, cymiform, thyrsiform, or short-racemiform; pedicels sparsely to moderately sessile- to short-stipitate-glandular.
|[[Rubus pensilvanicus|Rubus pensilvanicus]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Rubus
|author=Lawrence A. Alice;Douglas H. Goldman;James A. Macklin;Gerry Moore
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=Dalibarda
|basionyms=
|family=Rosaceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Eurasia;Africa;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Pacific Islands (New Zealand);Australia;widely
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V9/V9_35.xml
|subfamily=Rosaceae subfam. Rosoideae
|tribe=Rosaceae tribe Rubeae
|genus=Rubus
|abaxial surface architecture=eglandular;with prickles;unarmed
|abaxial surface architecture or function or pubescence=sessile-glandular
|abaxial surface pubescence=stipitate-glandular;hairy;glabrous
|base shape=lobed;unlobed;obtuse;tapered;lobed;unlobed;obtuse;tapered;truncate;cuneate;rounded or cordate
|blade shape=reniform;orbiculate
|blade some measurement=2cm;30cm
|blade texture=herbaceous;more or less coriaceous
|bract presence=absent
|bracteole presence=absent
|bristle architecture=eglandular
|bristle architecture or function or pubescence=sessile-glandular
|bristle coating=not pruinose
|bristle fragility=weak;stiff
|bristle orientation=erect;slightly retrorse
|bristle presence=absent
|bristle pubescence=stipitate-glandular;hairy;glabrous
|bristle quantity=sparse to dense
|carpel pubescence=hairy;glabrous
|drupelet arrangement=aggregated
|drupelet atypical quantity=100;150
|drupelet quantity=5;100
|filament position=laminar
|filament shape=filiform
|flower diameter=5mm;80mm
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|fruit arrangement=without torus;separating
|fruit coating=pruinose
|fruit coloration=golden yellow;red or black
|fruit fusion=coherent
|fruit pubescence=hairy;glabrous
|fruit shape=globose;hemispheric or cylindric
|fruit some measurement=5mm;20mm
|fruit texture=dryish;fleshy
|hypanthium architecture=eglandular or;sparsely densely glandular
|hypanthium diameter=3mm;10mm
|hypanthium duration=persistent
|hypanthium pubescence=glabrous or;sparsely densely pubescent
|inflorescence architecture=eglandular or;sparsely densely glandular armed or unarmed
|inflorescence position=terminal;axillary
|inflorescence pubescence=glabrous or;sparsely densely pubescent
|leaf duration=winter-persistent;deciduous
|leaflet position or structure subtype=terminal
|leaflet presence=absent
|leaflet quantity=9;7;5;3
|leaflet shape=ovate;elliptic
|leaflet some measurement=1.7cm;15cm
|margin architecture or shape=serrate;doubly serrate
|margin shape=revolute;finely coarsely crenate
|midvein variability=consistent
|pedicel architecture=eglandular;armed;unarmed
|pedicel architecture or function or pubescence=sessile-glandular
|pedicel presence=absent
|pedicel pubescence=stipitate-glandular;glabrous or;sparsely densely hairy
|petal atypical quantity=0;5
|petal coloration=white;pink or magenta
|petal quantity=5
|petal shape=suborbiculate;elliptic obovate or spatulate
|petiole presence=absent
|prickle fragility=weak;stout
|prickle orientation=erect;retrorse
|prickle presence=absent
|prickle quantity=sparse to dense
|prickle shape=not;broad-based
|seed quantity=1
|sepal architecture=eglandular;armed;unarmed
|sepal architecture or function or pubescence=sessile-glandular
|sepal duration=persistent
|sepal orientation=reflexed;spreading;reflexed
|sepal pubescence=stipitate-glandular;hairy;glabrous
|sepal quantity=5
|sepal shape=lanceolate;long-caudate
|stamen quantity=20;100
|stamen size or length=shorter to longer
|stem architecture=not;rooting
|stem duration=annual;perennial;biennial
|stem growth form=scrambling;mounding
|stem growth form or orientation=decumbent;creeping
|stem orientation=ascending;arching;erect
|stem quantity=1;several
|stem shape=angled;terete
|stipule shape=elliptic;ovate
|style shape=clavate
|style size=slender
|torus fixation=attached
|whole_organism atypical some measurement=30dm;50dm
|whole_organism duration=perennial;perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb;subshrub;shrub
|whole_organism some measurement=0.5dm;30dm
|whole_organism texture=fibrous;woody;fibrous
|x chromosome quantity=7
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Rosaceae tribe Rubeae]]