View source for Abutilon

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Abutilon
|accepted_authority=Miller
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|place=4, vol. 1. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Indian-mallow
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Malvaceae;Malvaceae subfam. Malvoideae;Abutilon
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Malvaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Malvaceae subfam. Malvoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Abutilon]]</div></div>
|etymology=probably Arabic abu, father of, and Persian tula or tulha, mallow
|volume=Volume 6
|mention_page=page 217, 221, 226, 239
|treatment_page=page 220
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form"><b>Subshrubs,</b> shrubs, or herbs.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem orientation;stem growth form;stem orientation;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem coating"><b>Stems </b>erect, sometimes trailing (A. parvulum) or procumbent or ascending (A. wrightii), glabrescent or pubescent, sometimes viscid (A. hirtum, A. reventum, A. trisulcatum).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stipule duration;stipule shape;stipule shape;stipule shape;stipule shape;stipule shape"><b>Leaves:</b> stipules usually persistent, subulate, lanceolate, or filiform;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="blade arrangement or shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape">blade elliptic, ovate, [cordiform], sometimes shallowly lobed, but not maplelike [sometimes umbellate];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="involucel presence">involucel absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="calyx size;calyx shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;lobe shape"><b>Flowers:</b> calyx not accrescent (except A. hulseanum, A. hypoleucum, A. palmeri, and A. wrightii), not inflated, not completely enclosing fruit, lobes not ribbed, lanceolate, ovate, cordate, or acuminate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;center coloration">corolla usually yellow or orange, less often pinkish, sometimes with dark red center;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="staminal column position;staminal column position">staminal column included or exserted;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="ovule atypical quantity;ovule quantity">ovules 3 (–6) per carpel;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="style architecture">style 5–25-branched;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="stigma coloration;stigma architecture or shape">stigmas sometimes black, capitate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="fruits schizocarp orientation;fruits schizocarp shape;fruits schizocarp shape;fruits schizocarp shape;fruits schizocarp shape;fruits schizocarp shape;fruits schizocarp shape;fruits schizocarp shape;fruits schizocarp shape;fruits schizocarp texture;fruits schizocarp pubescence;fruits schizocarp pubescence"><b>Fruits </b>schizocarps, erect, not inflated, globose, ovoid, oblate, cask-shaped, or cylindric, usually not indurate, variably hairy but not setose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="mericarp quantity;follicle architecture;follicle fusion;mericarp arrangement;mericarp duration;apex shape;apex shape;apex architecture;apex shape;apex shape;apex dehiscence">mericarps 5–25, 1-celled follicle, adherent to adjacent mericarps and persistent on their axes, without dorsal spur, apex usually acute or acuminate to spinescent, sometimes rounded or obtuse, abaxially dehiscent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>usually 3–6 per mericarp, usually turbinate, puberulent or scabridulous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="seed quantity;seed shape;seed pubescence;seed relief;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 7, 8.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=United States;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa;Australia
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 160 (18 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Abutilon is mostly tropical and subtropical with relatively few species reaching into fully temperate climates.</p><!--
--><p>The South American native Abutilon megapotamicum (A. Sprengel) A. Saint-Hilaire & Naudin (= A. vexillarium E. Morren) is sometimes grown as a basket plant in colder regions and perhaps in the open in frost-free areas; it is not naturalized in the flora area. Another South American species, A. striatum Dickson ex Lindley [= A. pictum (Gillies ex Hooker) Walpers], has been widely introduced elsewhere as an ornamental and is naturalized in some tropical countries. This species is grown in North American gardens as a perennial in warmer climates and an annual in colder ones, but is not known to be naturalized in the flora area. Abutilon indicum (Linnaeus) Sweet has been said to be naturalized in southern Florida (L. H. Bailey et al. 1976); its occurrence in the flora area has not been substantiated. This species has an Indo-Australian origin (J. van Borssum Waalkes 1966) and is naturalized in the West Indies. Abutilon grandifolium (Willdenow) Sweet is sometimes cultivated and may escape.</p><!--
--><p>Outside North America, plants of Abutilon may be arborescent, and their corollas may be of other colors although yellow or yellow-orange predominates.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=fryxell1983a
|text=Fryxell, J. E. 1983. A revision of Abutilon sect. Oligocarpae (Malvaceae), including a new species from Mexico. Madroño 30: 84–92.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=fryxell2002a
|text=Fryxell, P. A. 2002. An Abutilon nomenclator. Lundellia 5: 79–118.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kearney1955a
|text=Kearney, T. H. 1955. A tentative key to the North American species of Abutilon Miller. Leafl. W. Bot. 7: 241–254.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Styles 5-branched
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Styles 6–25-branched
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Stems trailing; leaf blades sparsely pubescent, surface visible; flowers solitary; petals pinkish, without dark center.
|[[Abutilon parvulum|Abutilon parvulum]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Calyces 5–8 mm; corollas rotate, petals 9–15 mm, yellow, without dark center; leaf blade margins sharply serrate
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Calyces 3–5 mm; corollas often reflexed, petals 4–6 mm, yellow or pink, often with dark center; leaf blade margins irregularly crenate-serrate
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Calyces 5–6 mm, lobes fully reflexed in fruit; petals 10–15 mm; inflorescences open panicles or solitary flowers.
|[[Abutilon coahuilae|Abutilon coahuilae]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Calyces 6–8 mm, lobes erect in fruit; petals 9–15 mm; inflorescences compact panicles.
|[[Abutilon malacum|Abutilon malacum]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Young stems terete, minutely tomentulose; fruits cask-shaped, not medially constricted
|[[Abutilon incanum|Abutilon incanum]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Young stems 3-sulcate, often viscid in inflorescence; fruits subcylindric, medially constricted.
|[[Abutilon trisulcatum|Abutilon trisulcatum]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Stems pubescent and with simple hairs 2–5 mm
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Stems viscid; corollas orange-yellow with dark red center; styles 20–25-branched
|[[Abutilon hirtum|Abutilon hirtum]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Stems not viscid; corollas pale yellow or yellow-orange without red center; styles 6–12-branched
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Petals 20 mm, yellowish, fading pinkish; seeds 4–6 per mericarp
|[[Abutilon hulseanum|Abutilon hulseanum]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Petals 5–12 mm, yellowish or yellow-orange, not fading pinkish; seeds 3 per mericarp
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaf blades 10–20 cm; inflorescences paniculate; petals 5–8 mm; styles 8–10-branched.
|[[Abutilon mollicomum|Abutilon mollicomum]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaf blades 2.5–6.5 cm; inflorescences solitary flowers; petals 8–12 mm; styles 6–8-branched.
|[[Abutilon parishii|Abutilon parishii]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Apices of mericarps spinose.
|[[Abutilon theophrasti|Abutilon theophrasti]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Apices of mericarps not spinose (obtuse, rounded, acute, acuminate, or apiculate)
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Plants procumbent or ascending, to 0.5 m; leaf blades 1.5–4 cm, ± as long as wide, markedly discolorous; styles 6–9-branched.
|[[Abutilon wrightii|Abutilon wrightii]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Plants erect, 0.5–2 m; leaf blades 2–12(–20) cm, often longer than wide, concolorous or discolorous; styles 6–15-branched
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Styles 13–15-branched; calyx lobes broadly cordate, often 8–20+ mm wide, accrescent in fruit.
|[[Abutilon hypoleucum|Abutilon hypoleucum]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Styles 6–12-branched; calyx lobes cordate, lanceolate-ovate, or acuminate, to 8 mm wide, little if at all accrescent
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Calyces 3–6 mm
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Calyces 8–15(–20) mm
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Styles 6–9-branched; mericarp apices acute or apiculate; stems stellate-tomentulose; leaf blades ± concolorous.
|[[Abutilon fruticosum|Abutilon fruticosum]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Styles 10-branched; mericarp apices rounded or obtuse; stems minutely glandular-pubescent to glabrate; leaf blades strongly discolorous.
|[[Abutilon reventum|Abutilon reventum]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Leaf blades roughly pubescent; styles 8–10-branched
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Leaf blades softly tomentose; styles 10–12-branched
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Stems without glandular hairs; seeds reticulately scabridulous; calyx basally truncate.
|[[Abutilon abutiloides|Abutilon abutiloides]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Stems with glandular and stellate hairs intermixed; seeds uniformly puberulent; calyx basally cuneate.
|[[Abutilon berlandieri|Abutilon berlandieri]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Leaf blades ± as wide as long; petals 20–25 mm; stems stellate-pubescent and sometimes with simple hairs 1–2 mm.
|[[Abutilon palmeri|Abutilon palmeri]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Leaf blades ca. 2 times as long as wide; petals 10–18 mm; stems stellate-pubescent.
|[[Abutilon permolle|Abutilon permolle]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Abutilon
|author=Paul A. Fryxell†;Steven R. Hill
|authority=Miller
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subfamily
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Malvaceae
|distribution=United States;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa;Australia
|reference=fryxell1983a;fryxell2002a;kearney1955a
|publication title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|publication year=1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V6/V6_387.xml
|subfamily=Malvaceae subfam. Malvoideae
|genus=Abutilon
|apex architecture=spinescent
|apex dehiscence=dehiscent
|apex shape=obtuse;rounded;acuminate;acute
|blade arrangement or shape=elliptic
|blade shape=not maplelike;lobed;ovate
|calyx shape=not inflated
|calyx size=not accrescent
|center coloration=dark red
|corolla coloration=pinkish;orange;yellow
|follicle architecture=1-celled
|follicle fusion=adherent
|fruits schizocarp orientation=erect
|fruits schizocarp pubescence=not setose;hairy
|fruits schizocarp shape=cylindric;cask--shaped;cylindric;cask--shaped;oblate;ovoid;globose;not inflated
|fruits schizocarp texture=indurate
|involucel presence=absent
|lobe shape=acuminate;cordate;acuminate;cordate;ovate;lanceolate;not ribbed
|mericarp arrangement=adjacent
|mericarp duration=persistent
|mericarp quantity=5;25
|ovule atypical quantity=3;6
|ovule quantity=3
|seed pubescence=puberulent
|seed quantity=3;6
|seed relief=scabridulous
|seed shape=turbinate
|staminal column position=exserted;included
|stem coating=viscid
|stem growth form=procumbent
|stem orientation=ascending;trailing;erect
|stem pubescence=pubescent;glabrescent
|stigma architecture or shape=capitate
|stigma coloration=black
|stipule duration=persistent
|stipule shape=filiform;lanceolate;filiform;lanceolate;subulate
|style architecture=5-25-branched
|whole_organism growth form=herb;shrub;subshrub
|x chromosome quantity=8;7
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Malvaceae subfam. Malvoideae]]