Abutilon

Miller

Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4, vol. 1. 1754.

Common names: Indian-mallow
Etymology: probably Arabic abu, father of, and Persian tula or tulha, mallow
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 6. Treatment on page 220. Mentioned on page 217, 221, 226, 239.
 TaxonIllustrator 
FNA6 P24 Waltheria detonsa.jpegWaltheria detonsa
Abelmoschus esculentus
Abutilon hypoleucum
Linny Heagy
Linny Heagy
Linny Heagy
FNA6 P25 Abutilon mollicomum.jpegAbutilon mollicomum
Abutilon palmeri
Alcea rosea
Linny Heagy
Linny Heagy
Linny Heagy

Subshrubs, shrubs, or herbs. Stems erect, sometimes trailing (A. parvulum) or procumbent or ascending (A. wrightii), glabrescent or pubescent, sometimes viscid (A. hirtum, A. reventum, A. trisulcatum). Leaves: stipules usually persistent, subulate, lanceolate, or filiform; blade elliptic, ovate, [cordiform], sometimes shallowly lobed, but not maplelike [sometimes umbellate]; involucel absent. Flowers: calyx not accrescent (except A. hulseanum, A. hypoleucum, A. palmeri, and A. wrightii), not inflated, not completely enclosing fruit, lobes not ribbed, lanceolate, ovate, cordate, or acuminate; corolla usually yellow or orange, less often pinkish, sometimes with dark red center; staminal column included or exserted; ovules 3 (–6) per carpel; style 5–25-branched; stigmas sometimes black, capitate. Fruits schizocarps, erect, not inflated, globose, ovoid, oblate, cask-shaped, or cylindric, usually not indurate, variably hairy but not setose; mericarps 5–25, 1-celled follicle, adherent to adjacent mericarps and persistent on their axes, without dorsal spur, apex usually acute or acuminate to spinescent, sometimes rounded or obtuse, abaxially dehiscent. Seeds usually 3–6 per mericarp, usually turbinate, puberulent or scabridulous. x = 7, 8.

Distribution

United States, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Asia, Africa, Australia

Discussion

Species ca. 160 (18 in the flora).

Abutilon is mostly tropical and subtropical with relatively few species reaching into fully temperate climates.

The South American native Abutilon megapotamicum (A. Sprengel) A. Saint-Hilaire & Naudin (= A. vexillarium E. Morren) is sometimes grown as a basket plant in colder regions and perhaps in the open in frost-free areas; it is not naturalized in the flora area. Another South American species, A. striatum Dickson ex Lindley [= A. pictum (Gillies ex Hooker) Walpers], has been widely introduced elsewhere as an ornamental and is naturalized in some tropical countries. This species is grown in North American gardens as a perennial in warmer climates and an annual in colder ones, but is not known to be naturalized in the flora area. Abutilon indicum (Linnaeus) Sweet has been said to be naturalized in southern Florida (L. H. Bailey et al. 1976); its occurrence in the flora area has not been substantiated. This species has an Indo-Australian origin (J. van Borssum Waalkes 1966) and is naturalized in the West Indies. Abutilon grandifolium (Willdenow) Sweet is sometimes cultivated and may escape.

Outside North America, plants of Abutilon may be arborescent, and their corollas may be of other colors although yellow or yellow-orange predominates.

Key

1 Styles 5-branched > 2
1 Styles 6–25-branched > 6
2 Stems trailing; leaf blades sparsely pubescent, surface visible; flowers solitary; petals pinkish, without dark center. Abutilon parvulum
3 Calyces 5–8 mm; corollas rotate, petals 9–15 mm, yellow, without dark center; leaf blade margins sharply serrate > 4
3 Calyces 3–5 mm; corollas often reflexed, petals 4–6 mm, yellow or pink, often with dark center; leaf blade margins irregularly crenate-serrate > 5
4 Calyces 5–6 mm, lobes fully reflexed in fruit; petals 10–15 mm; inflorescences open panicles or solitary flowers. Abutilon coahuilae
4 Calyces 6–8 mm, lobes erect in fruit; petals 9–15 mm; inflorescences compact panicles. Abutilon malacum
5 Young stems terete, minutely tomentulose; fruits cask-shaped, not medially constricted Abutilon incanum
5 Young stems 3-sulcate, often viscid in inflorescence; fruits subcylindric, medially constricted. Abutilon trisulcatum
6 Stems pubescent and with simple hairs 2–5 mm > 7
7 Stems viscid; corollas orange-yellow with dark red center; styles 20–25-branched Abutilon hirtum
7 Stems not viscid; corollas pale yellow or yellow-orange without red center; styles 6–12-branched > 8
8 Petals 20 mm, yellowish, fading pinkish; seeds 4–6 per mericarp Abutilon hulseanum
8 Petals 5–12 mm, yellowish or yellow-orange, not fading pinkish; seeds 3 per mericarp > 9
9 Leaf blades 10–20 cm; inflorescences paniculate; petals 5–8 mm; styles 8–10-branched. Abutilon mollicomum
9 Leaf blades 2.5–6.5 cm; inflorescences solitary flowers; petals 8–12 mm; styles 6–8-branched. Abutilon parishii
10 Apices of mericarps spinose. Abutilon theophrasti
10 Apices of mericarps not spinose (obtuse, rounded, acute, acuminate, or apiculate) > 11
11 Plants procumbent or ascending, to 0.5 m; leaf blades 1.5–4 cm, ± as long as wide, markedly discolorous; styles 6–9-branched. Abutilon wrightii
11 Plants erect, 0.5–2 m; leaf blades 2–12(–20) cm, often longer than wide, concolorous or discolorous; styles 6–15-branched > 12
12 Styles 13–15-branched; calyx lobes broadly cordate, often 8–20+ mm wide, accrescent in fruit. Abutilon hypoleucum
12 Styles 6–12-branched; calyx lobes cordate, lanceolate-ovate, or acuminate, to 8 mm wide, little if at all accrescent > 13
13 Calyces 3–6 mm > 14
13 Calyces 8–15(–20) mm > 15
14 Styles 6–9-branched; mericarp apices acute or apiculate; stems stellate-tomentulose; leaf blades ± concolorous. Abutilon fruticosum
14 Styles 10-branched; mericarp apices rounded or obtuse; stems minutely glandular-pubescent to glabrate; leaf blades strongly discolorous. Abutilon reventum
15 Leaf blades roughly pubescent; styles 8–10-branched > 16
15 Leaf blades softly tomentose; styles 10–12-branched > 17
16 Stems without glandular hairs; seeds reticulately scabridulous; calyx basally truncate. Abutilon abutiloides
16 Stems with glandular and stellate hairs intermixed; seeds uniformly puberulent; calyx basally cuneate. Abutilon berlandieri
17 Leaf blades ± as wide as long; petals 20–25 mm; stems stellate-pubescent and sometimes with simple hairs 1–2 mm. Abutilon palmeri
17 Leaf blades ca. 2 times as long as wide; petals 10–18 mm; stems stellate-pubescent. Abutilon permolle
... more about "Abutilon"
obtuse;rounded;acuminate;acute +
Paul A. Fryxell† +  and Steven R. Hill +
Miller +
asymmetric +  and symmetric +
not maplelike +, lobed +  and ovate +
not inflated +
not accrescent +
indehiscent +  and loculicidal +
Indian-mallow +
pinkish +, orange +  and yellow +
United States +, Mexico +, West Indies +, Central America +, South America +, Asia +, Africa +  and Australia +
sparse;copious +
probably Arabic abu, father of, and Persian tula or tulha, mallow +
pistillate +  and staminate +
unisexual +  and bisexual +
not setose +  and hairy +
cylindric +, cask--shaped +, oblate +, ovoid +, globose +  and not inflated +
axillary +  and terminal +
tough-fibrous +
connate +  and distinct +
simple +, stipulate +, sessile +, subsessile +  and petiolate +
distichous +  and alternate +
acuminate +, cordate +, ovate +, lanceolate +  and not ribbed +
entire +  and serrate +
wedge--shaped +
3-40-carpellate +
adnate +  and distinct +
Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. +
fryxell1983a +, fryxell2002a +  and kearney1955a +
puberulent +
scabridulous +
turbinate +
persistent +
sessile +  and subsessile +
exserted +  and included +
ascending;trailing;erect +
pubescent +  and glabrescent +
filiform +, linear +  and capitate +
1-2 times number of carpels +
filiform +, lanceolate +  and subulate +
5-25-branched +
Mallow +
Abutilon +
Malvaceae subfam. Malvoideae +
herb +, shrub +  and subshrub +
monoecious +, dioecious +  and hermaphroditic +