View source for Aristolochia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Aristolochia
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 960. 175
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 410. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Dutchman's-pipe;aristoloche
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Endodeca
|authority=Rafinesque
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Isotrema
|authority=Rafinesque
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Siphisia
|authority=Rafinesque
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Aristolochiaceae;Aristolochia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Aristolochiaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Aristolochia]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek aristolocheia, birthwort, from aristos, best, and lochia, delivery, in reference to ancient use of herb as aid in childbirth
|volume=Volume 3
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs </b>or lianas, perennial.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem growth form;stem growth form;stem growth form;stem growth form"><b>Stems </b>erect, twining, or procumbent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf arrangement;stipule arrangement;stipule presence"><b>Leaves </b>alternate, 2-ranked (evident on young growth, becoming obscure with age in some spec) stipules absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="pseudostipule presence">pseudostipules absent [present];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole height or length or size">petiole sometimes very short.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="leaf-blade texture"><b>Leaf-</b>blade membranous to leathery.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="stem life cycle;stem position;raceme life cycle;raceme position;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>on new growth or on older stems, axillary, racemes or solitary flowers;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="bract presence">bracts present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="base coloration;base coloration;base coloration;base coloration;base architecture or shape;base shape;base shape;base course;base shape;base shape;base texture"><b>Flowers:</b> calyx usually mixture of purple, brown, green, or red, bilaterally symmetric, tubular, usually bent or curved, 1-lobed or 3-lobed, not fleshy, base with utricle (basal, inflated portion of calyx surrounding or containing gynostemium);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="tube shape;tube size;syrinx shape">tube narrowed, sometimes extended proximally as cylindric syrinx (tubular or ringlike structure at juncture of tube and utricle, projecting into utricle cavity) and distally as annulus (circular flange at juncture of tube and limb) on limb;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="corolla presence">corolla absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen fusion">stamens 5-6, adnate to styles and stigmas, forming gynostemium;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovary inferior, 3-locular, 5-locular, or 6-locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="style quantity;style quantity;style quantity;style fusion">styles 3, 5, or 6, connate in column.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="capsule condition or texture;capsule dehiscence"><b>Capsule </b>dry, dehiscent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>flattened or rounded, sometimes winged.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="seed shape;seed shape;seed architecture;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 6, 7, 8.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Nearly worldwide
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 300 (12 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Most European and tropical species of Aristolochia are believed to be pollinated by small flies attracted to the flowers by the fetid odors and purple-brown color. Flies enter the flower when the stigmas are receptive and are trapped until after the anthers dehisce (H. Solereder 1889, 1889b). No formal studies of pollination of the North American species have been reported.</p><!--
--><p>Many species of Aristolochia have been used in the treatment of snakebite; the treatment may or may not be effective. All species contain aristolochic acid, which is variously reported as tumor-causing or tumor-inhibiting (J. A. Duke 1985).</p><!--
--><p>The leaves of many species are eaten by pipe-vine swallowtail butterflies. The larvae eat leaves of these species and sequester aristolochic acid in their bodies, making them unpalatable to birds (W. H. Howe 1975).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf base attentuate, cuneate, or truncate (truncate to slightly cordate in A. maxima).
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf base cordate, auriculate, sagittate, or hastate.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Woody lianas; peduncle not bracteolate; capsule 4-7 cm wide, dehiscence acropetal; syrinx absent.
|[[Aristolochia maxima|Aristolochia maxima]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Herbs; peduncle bracteolate; capsule 1-3 cm wide, dehiscence basipetal; syrinx present.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences on new growth, axillary, solitary flowers; utricle ovoid to obconic; gynostemium 5-lobed; capsule ovoid.
|[[Aristolochia erecta|Aristolochia erecta]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences from base of stem, racemes; utricle pear-shaped to ovoid; gynostemium 3-lobed; capsule globose.
|[[Aristolochia serpentaria|Aristolochia serpentaria]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Lianas.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Herbs.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf venation palmate; calyx limb 1-lobed; young stem smooth; syrinx present; gynostemium 5-lobed.
|[[Aristolochia pentandra|Aristolochia pentandra]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf venation pinnate or palmate-pinnate; calyx limb 3-lobed; young stem ribbed; syrinx absent; gynostemium 3- or 6-lobed.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf sinus 2-6 cm deep; capsule 1-3 cm wide; gynostemium 5-10 mm.
|[[Aristolochia californica|Aristolochia californica]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf sinus 1-4.5 cm deep; capsule 4-10 cm wide; gynostemium 1-4 mm.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Stem and leaf glabrous or puberulent; peduncle bracteolate; utricle globose to cylindric; annulus smooth.
|[[Aristolochia macrophylla|Aristolochia macrophylla]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Stem tomentose; leaves abaxially tomentose; peduncle not bracteolate; utricle globose to cylindric; annulus rugulose.
|[[Aristolochia tomentosa|Aristolochia tomentosa]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf venation palmate; leaf blade as wide as long or wider.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf venation pinnate or palmate-pinnate; leaf blade longer than wide.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Petiole 4-7 cm; stem erect; peduncle not bracteolate; gynostemium 3-lobed; young stem ribbed.
|[[Aristolochia clematitis|Aristolochia clematitis]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Petiole 1-3 cm (to 4 cm in A. coryi); stem procumbent; peduncle bracteolate; gynostemium 5-lobed; young stem smooth or slightly striate.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Stem and leaf velutinous with yellowish trichomes; leaf blade ovoid to hastate, (0-)3-lobed; calyx brown-purple, straight; gynostemium ovoid.
|[[Aristolochia wrightii|Aristolochia wrightii]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Stem and leaf glabrous or puberulent; leaf blade deltate, not 3-lobed; calyx yellow-green or yellow-brown, curved; gynostemium crown-shaped.
|[[Aristolochia coryi|Aristolochia coryi]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf apex obtuse or rounded; gynostemium 5-10 mm; syrinx indistinct or absent.
|[[Aristolochia reticulata|Aristolochia reticulata]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf apex acuminate or acute; gynostemium 1-4 mm; syrinx present.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Calyx limb 1-lobed; inflorescences on new growth, axillary, solitary flowers; utricle ovoid to narrowly ellipsoid; gynostemium 5-lobed; capsule ovoid to obovoid; annulus absent on calyx limb.
|[[Aristolochia watsonii|Aristolochia watsonii]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Calyx limb 3-lobed; inflorescences from base of stem, rarely an additional flower in axil of stem leaf, racemes; utricle pear-shaped to ovoid; gynostemium 3-lobed; capsule globose; annulus present on calyx limb, smooth.
|[[Aristolochia serpentaria|Aristolochia serpentaria]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Aristolochia
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Endodeca;Isotrema;Siphisia
|basionyms=
|family=Aristolochiaceae
|distribution=Nearly worldwide
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V3/V3_1045.xml
|genus=Aristolochia
|base architecture or shape=symmetric
|base coloration=red;green;brown;purple
|base course=curved
|base shape=3-lobed;1-lobed;bent;tubular
|base texture=not fleshy
|bract presence=absent
|capsule condition or texture=dry
|capsule dehiscence=dehiscent
|corolla presence=absent
|flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf-blade texture=membranous;leathery
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=6-locular;5-locular;3-locular
|ovary position=inferior
|petiole height or length or size=short
|pseudostipule presence=absent
|raceme life cycle=older
|raceme position=axillary
|seed architecture=winged
|seed shape=rounded;flattened
|stamen fusion=adnate
|stamen quantity=5;6
|stem growth form=procumbent;twining;procumbent;twining
|stem life cycle=older
|stem orientation=erect
|stem position=axillary
|stipule arrangement=2-ranked
|stipule presence=absent
|style fusion=connate
|style quantity=6;5;3
|syrinx shape=cylindric
|tube shape=narrowed
|tube size=extended
|whole_organism duration=perennial;perennial
|whole_organism growth form=liana;herb
|x chromosome quantity=8;7;6
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Aristolochiaceae]]